5 Jul 2024 | Miguel A. Sabogal, Özgür Akarsu, Alexander Bonilla, Eleonora Di Valentino, Rafael C. Nunes
This study investigates deviations from the Planck-ΛCDM model in the late universe (z < 2.5) using Gaussian Processes (GPs) with minimal assumptions. The goal is to understand where exploring new physics in the late universe is most relevant. Recent Cosmic Chronometers (CC), Type Ia Supernovae (SN), and Baryon Acoustic Oscillations (BAO) data are analyzed. By examining reconstructions of the dimensionless parameter δ(z), which measures deviations of the Hubble parameter from the Planck-ΛCDM predictions, intriguing features are identified at low (z < 0.5) and high (z > 2) redshifts. Deviations from the Planck-ΛCDM model were not significant between 0.5 < z < 2. Using the combined CC+SN+BAO dataset, insights into dark energy (DE) dynamics are gained, resembling characteristics of omnipotent DE, extending beyond quintessence and phantom models. DE exhibits n-quintessence traits for z > 2, transitioning with a singularity around z ~ 2 to usual phantom traits for 1 < z < 2. DE characteristics differ between scenarios (H₀-SH0ES and H₀-Λ&CMB), with H₀-SH0ES leaning towards phantom traits and H₀-Λ&CMB towards quintessence. The study suggests exploring new physics at z < 0.5 and 1.5 < z < 2.5, particularly around z = 2, to understand cosmological tensions such as H₀ and S₈. The analysis reveals that DE density can become negative at high redshifts (z > 2), indicating a possible transition from positive to negative energy density. The study highlights the importance of exploring new physics in the late universe to resolve cosmological tensions and understand DE dynamics. The results suggest that DE exhibits n-quintessence characteristics at high redshifts and transitions to phantom behavior at lower redshifts, with a singularity in the EoS parameter around z ~ 2. The findings provide valuable insights into the dynamics of DE and the potential for new physics in the late universe.This study investigates deviations from the Planck-ΛCDM model in the late universe (z < 2.5) using Gaussian Processes (GPs) with minimal assumptions. The goal is to understand where exploring new physics in the late universe is most relevant. Recent Cosmic Chronometers (CC), Type Ia Supernovae (SN), and Baryon Acoustic Oscillations (BAO) data are analyzed. By examining reconstructions of the dimensionless parameter δ(z), which measures deviations of the Hubble parameter from the Planck-ΛCDM predictions, intriguing features are identified at low (z < 0.5) and high (z > 2) redshifts. Deviations from the Planck-ΛCDM model were not significant between 0.5 < z < 2. Using the combined CC+SN+BAO dataset, insights into dark energy (DE) dynamics are gained, resembling characteristics of omnipotent DE, extending beyond quintessence and phantom models. DE exhibits n-quintessence traits for z > 2, transitioning with a singularity around z ~ 2 to usual phantom traits for 1 < z < 2. DE characteristics differ between scenarios (H₀-SH0ES and H₀-Λ&CMB), with H₀-SH0ES leaning towards phantom traits and H₀-Λ&CMB towards quintessence. The study suggests exploring new physics at z < 0.5 and 1.5 < z < 2.5, particularly around z = 2, to understand cosmological tensions such as H₀ and S₈. The analysis reveals that DE density can become negative at high redshifts (z > 2), indicating a possible transition from positive to negative energy density. The study highlights the importance of exploring new physics in the late universe to resolve cosmological tensions and understand DE dynamics. The results suggest that DE exhibits n-quintessence characteristics at high redshifts and transitions to phantom behavior at lower redshifts, with a singularity in the EoS parameter around z ~ 2. The findings provide valuable insights into the dynamics of DE and the potential for new physics in the late universe.