The article reviews the progress in understanding the neural circuits involved in fear extinction over the past decade, highlighting the coordinated efforts between rodent and human researchers. It discusses the psychological and neurobiological basis of fear extinction, the role of the amygdala, and the involvement of prefrontal cortex in both acquisition and retrieval of extinction memories. The advent of human neuroimaging tools, such as fMRI, has facilitated the translation of rodent findings to humans, revealing homologous brain regions in humans, including the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC). The article also explores the clinical relevance of fear extinction, suggesting that dysfunction in these circuits may underlie anxiety disorders like PTSD. Finally, it outlines future directions for research, including the study of sex differences and individual variability in fear extinction.The article reviews the progress in understanding the neural circuits involved in fear extinction over the past decade, highlighting the coordinated efforts between rodent and human researchers. It discusses the psychological and neurobiological basis of fear extinction, the role of the amygdala, and the involvement of prefrontal cortex in both acquisition and retrieval of extinction memories. The advent of human neuroimaging tools, such as fMRI, has facilitated the translation of rodent findings to humans, revealing homologous brain regions in humans, including the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC). The article also explores the clinical relevance of fear extinction, suggesting that dysfunction in these circuits may underlie anxiety disorders like PTSD. Finally, it outlines future directions for research, including the study of sex differences and individual variability in fear extinction.