Feelings and Phenomenal Experiences

Feelings and Phenomenal Experiences

Jan 2006 | Norbert Schwarz and Gerald L. Clore
This chapter reviews the role of feelings and phenomenal experiences in social cognition, emphasizing their influence on judgment, information processing, and memory. It introduces three broad approaches to the interface of feeling and thinking: the experiential, cognitive, and somatic components of feelings. The experiential approach posits that feelings serve as a source of information, influencing judgments and decisions. The cognitive approach focuses on the thoughts that accompany feelings, while the somatic approach emphasizes the physiological aspects of affective states. Feelings, including emotions and moods, influence judgment by providing information about the target of evaluation. Moods, which lack a clear referent, may persist after an emotion dissipates, affecting general valence judgments. Emotions, with their specific referents and intensity, provide more detailed information about events and their causes. Bodily experiences, such as hunger or pain, also inform judgments and processing strategies. Cognitive experiences, like accessibility and processing fluency, influence judgments based on ease of recall and mental processing. Feelings affect information processing strategies, with negative emotions prompting systematic, detail-oriented processing and positive emotions encouraging heuristic, top-down processing. These differences are evident in tasks like problem-solving, stereotyping, and persuasion. Memory is also influenced by feelings, with mood-congruent recall being more likely when the mood matches the content of the memory. However, the influence of feelings on memory is complex, as it can be affected by the perceived relevance and informational value of the feeling. The cognitive component of feelings involves the thoughts that accompany moods and emotions, with studies showing that mood-congruent information is more accessible and influences judgments. The somatic component of feelings, involving physiological responses, can also influence judgment and processing, with some theories suggesting that these responses are hard-wired rather than experientially mediated. Feelings influence social judgment by affecting the perceived relevance and informational value of the target. Moods and emotions can lead to mood-congruent judgments, but their impact depends on the perceived cause of the feeling and the task at hand. The use of feelings as information follows the same principles as other information: they are relied upon when their informational value is not discredited and when they seem relevant to the judgment. Specific emotions, such as fear and anger, influence judgments and behaviors in ways consistent with underlying appraisals. Bodily sensations, like arousal and facial feedback, also affect judgment and processing, with facial expressions influencing attributions and emotional experiences. Cognitive experiences, such as accessibility and processing fluency, influence judgments based on ease of recall and mental processing. These findings highlight the complex interplay between feelings and cognitive processes in shaping judgment and decision-making.This chapter reviews the role of feelings and phenomenal experiences in social cognition, emphasizing their influence on judgment, information processing, and memory. It introduces three broad approaches to the interface of feeling and thinking: the experiential, cognitive, and somatic components of feelings. The experiential approach posits that feelings serve as a source of information, influencing judgments and decisions. The cognitive approach focuses on the thoughts that accompany feelings, while the somatic approach emphasizes the physiological aspects of affective states. Feelings, including emotions and moods, influence judgment by providing information about the target of evaluation. Moods, which lack a clear referent, may persist after an emotion dissipates, affecting general valence judgments. Emotions, with their specific referents and intensity, provide more detailed information about events and their causes. Bodily experiences, such as hunger or pain, also inform judgments and processing strategies. Cognitive experiences, like accessibility and processing fluency, influence judgments based on ease of recall and mental processing. Feelings affect information processing strategies, with negative emotions prompting systematic, detail-oriented processing and positive emotions encouraging heuristic, top-down processing. These differences are evident in tasks like problem-solving, stereotyping, and persuasion. Memory is also influenced by feelings, with mood-congruent recall being more likely when the mood matches the content of the memory. However, the influence of feelings on memory is complex, as it can be affected by the perceived relevance and informational value of the feeling. The cognitive component of feelings involves the thoughts that accompany moods and emotions, with studies showing that mood-congruent information is more accessible and influences judgments. The somatic component of feelings, involving physiological responses, can also influence judgment and processing, with some theories suggesting that these responses are hard-wired rather than experientially mediated. Feelings influence social judgment by affecting the perceived relevance and informational value of the target. Moods and emotions can lead to mood-congruent judgments, but their impact depends on the perceived cause of the feeling and the task at hand. The use of feelings as information follows the same principles as other information: they are relied upon when their informational value is not discredited and when they seem relevant to the judgment. Specific emotions, such as fear and anger, influence judgments and behaviors in ways consistent with underlying appraisals. Bodily sensations, like arousal and facial feedback, also affect judgment and processing, with facial expressions influencing attributions and emotional experiences. Cognitive experiences, such as accessibility and processing fluency, influence judgments based on ease of recall and mental processing. These findings highlight the complex interplay between feelings and cognitive processes in shaping judgment and decision-making.
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Understanding Feelings and phenomenal experiences