12 March 2024 | Norman O. Birge and Nathan Satchell
This review discusses the progress in identifying and testing ferromagnetic materials in Josephson junctions over the past two decades, focusing on metallic ferromagnets. Josephson junctions containing ferromagnetic materials can exhibit a ground-state phase difference that oscillates between 0 and π as a function of the thickness of the ferromagnetic material. π-junctions have potential applications in superconducting digital logic and quantum computing. The review highlights the importance of choosing ferromagnetic materials that optimize both magnetic properties and supercurrent propagation. It discusses the physical mechanisms underlying these phenomena, including the role of exchange fields and spin-triplet supercurrents. The review also covers various types of Josephson junctions, including S/F/S, S/I/F/S, and S/FI/S junctions, and their applications in quantum and classical circuits. The review emphasizes the need for careful experimental measurements and the challenges in achieving high-performance π-junctions. It also discusses the use of ferromagnetic insulators and the potential of spin-triplet supercurrents in junctions with noncollinear magnetic inhomogeneity. The review concludes with a discussion of open challenges and future directions in the field of superconducting/ferromagnetic hybrid systems.This review discusses the progress in identifying and testing ferromagnetic materials in Josephson junctions over the past two decades, focusing on metallic ferromagnets. Josephson junctions containing ferromagnetic materials can exhibit a ground-state phase difference that oscillates between 0 and π as a function of the thickness of the ferromagnetic material. π-junctions have potential applications in superconducting digital logic and quantum computing. The review highlights the importance of choosing ferromagnetic materials that optimize both magnetic properties and supercurrent propagation. It discusses the physical mechanisms underlying these phenomena, including the role of exchange fields and spin-triplet supercurrents. The review also covers various types of Josephson junctions, including S/F/S, S/I/F/S, and S/FI/S junctions, and their applications in quantum and classical circuits. The review emphasizes the need for careful experimental measurements and the challenges in achieving high-performance π-junctions. It also discusses the use of ferromagnetic insulators and the potential of spin-triplet supercurrents in junctions with noncollinear magnetic inhomogeneity. The review concludes with a discussion of open challenges and future directions in the field of superconducting/ferromagnetic hybrid systems.