This study examines the relationship between carbon emissions in BRICS countries and factors such as foreign direct investment (FDI), technological innovation (TI), and economic growth (EG) from 1990 to 2021. The research uses panel data analysis to analyze the impact of these factors on CO₂ emissions. The results indicate that financial development, technological innovation, and FDI have a negative and statistically significant long-run association with CO₂ emissions, while economic growth, TI, industrialization (IND), and energy use have a positive and statistically significant association. The study also employs the Dumitrescu and Hurlin panel causality test to explore the bidirectional long-run causative relationships between the variables. The findings suggest that BRICS countries must advance their industries, financial institutions, and technological innovation to attract high-quality FDI. Additionally, immediate legislative solutions are needed to address the environmental damage caused by industrialization. The study provides policy recommendations for BRICS countries to promote sustainable economic growth and reduce CO₂ emissions.This study examines the relationship between carbon emissions in BRICS countries and factors such as foreign direct investment (FDI), technological innovation (TI), and economic growth (EG) from 1990 to 2021. The research uses panel data analysis to analyze the impact of these factors on CO₂ emissions. The results indicate that financial development, technological innovation, and FDI have a negative and statistically significant long-run association with CO₂ emissions, while economic growth, TI, industrialization (IND), and energy use have a positive and statistically significant association. The study also employs the Dumitrescu and Hurlin panel causality test to explore the bidirectional long-run causative relationships between the variables. The findings suggest that BRICS countries must advance their industries, financial institutions, and technological innovation to attract high-quality FDI. Additionally, immediate legislative solutions are needed to address the environmental damage caused by industrialization. The study provides policy recommendations for BRICS countries to promote sustainable economic growth and reduce CO₂ emissions.