Flame-retardant textile structural composites for construction applications: a review Shubham Agnihotri, Javed N. Sheikh, S. P. Singh, and B. K. Behera Abstract: Composites are widely used in construction engineering due to their low water absorption, good chemical and corrosion resistance, lightweight, high specific strength, high specific modulus, and low thermal conductivity. Flame retardancy (FR) of composite materials has become a focus in construction engineering. With increasing awareness of personal and property safety, various flame-retardant composites have been developed. The FR of unmodified polymer composites is not optimal, so many innovative methods for making more advanced flame-retardant materials have been developed. This review aims to provide detailed literature on flame-retardant composites. The paper discusses the evolution of flame-retardant materials, their manufacturing techniques, flame-retardant composites, their properties and characterization, applications, and challenges related to FR composites. The primary focus is to analyze the mechanism of fire retardancy and summarize the preparation of flame-retardant polymer materials by adding various flame-retardant agents. Introduction: Since the dawn of human civilization, people have used various materials for daily use, including metals, polymers, clays, fibers, and alloys. Composites are present in both natural and manmade forms. Natural composites include wood, bones, while manmade composites include nanocomposites, biocomposites, and multifunctional composites. Most composite materials are reinforced with fiber materials or fibrous structures. The primary objective of these composites is to develop advanced materials with unique properties such as lightweight, high strength-to-mass ratio, corrosion resistance, and acoustic properties. Additional functionalities can be introduced through special structures in reinforcements or by adding additives to the matrix. Fire-retardant composite materials are one such example. Fire is responsible for approximately 4000 deaths in the United States and 5000 deaths in Europe each year, as well as a loss of approximately 0.3% of GDP. The results of an investigation into the causes of various accidents indicate that enhancements to the fire resistance of polymeric composite materials can mitigate the impact of some mishaps. Thus, the use of polymeric composite materials without any FR treatment is dangerous for human safety. To minimize fire dangers, flame-retardant (FR) compounds are mixed into polymers and used in textiles, plastics, electronic circuits, etc. Some examples of organic FR are organic phosphate esters with or without halogens, inorganic chemicals (oxide of metalloids), and chlorinated and brominated organic compounds. The history of flame retardants is shown in Fig. 1.Flame-retardant textile structural composites for construction applications: a review Shubham Agnihotri, Javed N. Sheikh, S. P. Singh, and B. K. Behera Abstract: Composites are widely used in construction engineering due to their low water absorption, good chemical and corrosion resistance, lightweight, high specific strength, high specific modulus, and low thermal conductivity. Flame retardancy (FR) of composite materials has become a focus in construction engineering. With increasing awareness of personal and property safety, various flame-retardant composites have been developed. The FR of unmodified polymer composites is not optimal, so many innovative methods for making more advanced flame-retardant materials have been developed. This review aims to provide detailed literature on flame-retardant composites. The paper discusses the evolution of flame-retardant materials, their manufacturing techniques, flame-retardant composites, their properties and characterization, applications, and challenges related to FR composites. The primary focus is to analyze the mechanism of fire retardancy and summarize the preparation of flame-retardant polymer materials by adding various flame-retardant agents. Introduction: Since the dawn of human civilization, people have used various materials for daily use, including metals, polymers, clays, fibers, and alloys. Composites are present in both natural and manmade forms. Natural composites include wood, bones, while manmade composites include nanocomposites, biocomposites, and multifunctional composites. Most composite materials are reinforced with fiber materials or fibrous structures. The primary objective of these composites is to develop advanced materials with unique properties such as lightweight, high strength-to-mass ratio, corrosion resistance, and acoustic properties. Additional functionalities can be introduced through special structures in reinforcements or by adding additives to the matrix. Fire-retardant composite materials are one such example. Fire is responsible for approximately 4000 deaths in the United States and 5000 deaths in Europe each year, as well as a loss of approximately 0.3% of GDP. The results of an investigation into the causes of various accidents indicate that enhancements to the fire resistance of polymeric composite materials can mitigate the impact of some mishaps. Thus, the use of polymeric composite materials without any FR treatment is dangerous for human safety. To minimize fire dangers, flame-retardant (FR) compounds are mixed into polymers and used in textiles, plastics, electronic circuits, etc. Some examples of organic FR are organic phosphate esters with or without halogens, inorganic chemicals (oxide of metalloids), and chlorinated and brominated organic compounds. The history of flame retardants is shown in Fig. 1.