Flux-Profile Relationships in the Atmospheric Surface Layer

Flux-Profile Relationships in the Atmospheric Surface Layer

MARCH 1971 | J. A. BUSINGER, J. C. WYNGAARD, Y. IZUMI and E. F. BRADLEY
This paper presents an analysis of wind and temperature profiles under various stability conditions, using Monin-Obukhov similarity theory. Direct measurements of heat and momentum fluxes allowed determination of the Obukhov length, L, a key parameter in the atmospheric surface layer. The study shows that von Kármán's constant is approximately 0.35 rather than the commonly assumed 0.40, and the ratio of eddy diffusivities for heat and momentum at neutral conditions is about 1.35, not 1.0. The gradient Richardson number and the Obukhov stability parameter z/L are found to be linearly related under unstable conditions. For stable conditions, the Richardson number approaches a limit of about 0.21 as stability increases. Profile-derived and measured fluxes agree well over the entire stability range, but independent observations are needed to verify this conclusion. The study also shows that the dimensionless wind shear, φm(ζ), and temperature gradient, φh(ζ), vary with stability, with φm(0) being about 1.15 and φh(0) about 0.74. The ratio of eddy diffusivities, α, increases with instability, reaching about 1.35 at neutral conditions. The relationship between the Richardson number and ζ is nearly linear under unstable conditions and approaches a limit of 0.21 under stable conditions. The study concludes that the Monin-Obukhov similarity theory is well satisfied by the data, and that the profile technique can be a simple and useful means of obtaining fluxes.This paper presents an analysis of wind and temperature profiles under various stability conditions, using Monin-Obukhov similarity theory. Direct measurements of heat and momentum fluxes allowed determination of the Obukhov length, L, a key parameter in the atmospheric surface layer. The study shows that von Kármán's constant is approximately 0.35 rather than the commonly assumed 0.40, and the ratio of eddy diffusivities for heat and momentum at neutral conditions is about 1.35, not 1.0. The gradient Richardson number and the Obukhov stability parameter z/L are found to be linearly related under unstable conditions. For stable conditions, the Richardson number approaches a limit of about 0.21 as stability increases. Profile-derived and measured fluxes agree well over the entire stability range, but independent observations are needed to verify this conclusion. The study also shows that the dimensionless wind shear, φm(ζ), and temperature gradient, φh(ζ), vary with stability, with φm(0) being about 1.15 and φh(0) about 0.74. The ratio of eddy diffusivities, α, increases with instability, reaching about 1.35 at neutral conditions. The relationship between the Richardson number and ζ is nearly linear under unstable conditions and approaches a limit of 0.21 under stable conditions. The study concludes that the Monin-Obukhov similarity theory is well satisfied by the data, and that the profile technique can be a simple and useful means of obtaining fluxes.
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