Foam formation is a significant challenge in submerged aerated bioprocesses, such as beer fermentation. While antifoam agents can effectively mitigate foaming at the laboratory scale, they are often impractical for large-scale applications due to increased costs and reduced mass transfer. This review explores various strategies to address foam formation in biotechnology, including understanding the molecular origins of foaming, avoiding foam formation, reducing and controlling foam after its formation, utilizing foam for in situ product removal, and engineering microbial strains to manage foaming. The review highlights the importance of foam control in biotechnology and provides an overview of current research and potential future directions. Foam is a dispersion of gas in a liquid, stabilized by surface-active agents. In biotechnology, foam formation is influenced by factors such as surface-active molecules, viscosity, and the presence of particles. Foam can cause operational issues in bioprocesses, including contamination, reduced product purity, and increased energy consumption. Foam control strategies include the use of antifoam agents, bubble-free fermentation techniques, and biofilm formation. Additionally, biosurfactants such as rhamnolipids, sophorolipids, and surfactin have been studied for their foaming properties and potential applications in biotechnology. Membrane aeration technology is a promising approach to prevent foam formation by introducing oxygen into the aqueous phase without generating bubbles. This method offers advantages such as reduced energy consumption, improved gas distribution, and enhanced process efficiency. However, the scalability of membrane aeration processes is limited due to the declining surface-to-volume ratio at larger volumes. Biofilm formation is another strategy to avoid foam formation by using fixed biomass instead of suspended biomass. Biofilms can reduce the release of surface-active substances and improve process stability. Additionally, engineering microbial strains to adopt a microaerobic or anaerobic lifestyle can help avoid foam formation by eliminating the need for oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor. Overall, foam control in biotechnology is a complex challenge that requires a multifaceted approach. Understanding the physical properties of foam, developing effective mitigation strategies, and engineering microbial strains are essential for optimizing biotechnological processes and preventing foam-related issues.Foam formation is a significant challenge in submerged aerated bioprocesses, such as beer fermentation. While antifoam agents can effectively mitigate foaming at the laboratory scale, they are often impractical for large-scale applications due to increased costs and reduced mass transfer. This review explores various strategies to address foam formation in biotechnology, including understanding the molecular origins of foaming, avoiding foam formation, reducing and controlling foam after its formation, utilizing foam for in situ product removal, and engineering microbial strains to manage foaming. The review highlights the importance of foam control in biotechnology and provides an overview of current research and potential future directions. Foam is a dispersion of gas in a liquid, stabilized by surface-active agents. In biotechnology, foam formation is influenced by factors such as surface-active molecules, viscosity, and the presence of particles. Foam can cause operational issues in bioprocesses, including contamination, reduced product purity, and increased energy consumption. Foam control strategies include the use of antifoam agents, bubble-free fermentation techniques, and biofilm formation. Additionally, biosurfactants such as rhamnolipids, sophorolipids, and surfactin have been studied for their foaming properties and potential applications in biotechnology. Membrane aeration technology is a promising approach to prevent foam formation by introducing oxygen into the aqueous phase without generating bubbles. This method offers advantages such as reduced energy consumption, improved gas distribution, and enhanced process efficiency. However, the scalability of membrane aeration processes is limited due to the declining surface-to-volume ratio at larger volumes. Biofilm formation is another strategy to avoid foam formation by using fixed biomass instead of suspended biomass. Biofilms can reduce the release of surface-active substances and improve process stability. Additionally, engineering microbial strains to adopt a microaerobic or anaerobic lifestyle can help avoid foam formation by eliminating the need for oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor. Overall, foam control in biotechnology is a complex challenge that requires a multifaceted approach. Understanding the physical properties of foam, developing effective mitigation strategies, and engineering microbial strains are essential for optimizing biotechnological processes and preventing foam-related issues.