Mitochondria play a crucial role in brain function, energy production, and maintaining cellular homeostasis. They are essential for producing ATP, regulating redox balance, and maintaining the structural integrity of neurons. Mitochondrial dysfunction is closely linked to various neurological disorders, including neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Mitochondria are also involved in synaptic transmission, ion homeostasis, and the regulation of inflammatory responses. Mitochondrial dysfunction can lead to oxidative stress, which contributes to neuronal damage and disease progression. Mitochondrial therapies, including mitochondrial transfer and targeting, are being explored as potential treatments for brain diseases. Mitochondria are also involved in autophagy, which is critical for clearing damaged proteins and organelles. Additionally, mitochondria play a role in cell communication, particularly through mitochondrial transfer between cells. Mitochondrial dysfunction is a common feature in neurological diseases, and understanding the mechanisms of mitochondrial biology is essential for developing effective therapies. The review highlights the importance of mitochondrial function in brain physiology and pathology, and discusses the potential of mitochondrial-targeted therapies in treating neurological disorders.Mitochondria play a crucial role in brain function, energy production, and maintaining cellular homeostasis. They are essential for producing ATP, regulating redox balance, and maintaining the structural integrity of neurons. Mitochondrial dysfunction is closely linked to various neurological disorders, including neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Mitochondria are also involved in synaptic transmission, ion homeostasis, and the regulation of inflammatory responses. Mitochondrial dysfunction can lead to oxidative stress, which contributes to neuronal damage and disease progression. Mitochondrial therapies, including mitochondrial transfer and targeting, are being explored as potential treatments for brain diseases. Mitochondria are also involved in autophagy, which is critical for clearing damaged proteins and organelles. Additionally, mitochondria play a role in cell communication, particularly through mitochondrial transfer between cells. Mitochondrial dysfunction is a common feature in neurological diseases, and understanding the mechanisms of mitochondrial biology is essential for developing effective therapies. The review highlights the importance of mitochondrial function in brain physiology and pathology, and discusses the potential of mitochondrial-targeted therapies in treating neurological disorders.