This study examines the impact of climate change extremes and smallholder farmers' adaptation strategies on food security in Nepal. Data was collected from 400 smallholder households across three agro-ecological zones: Mountains, Hills, and Terai. The study found that 12% of households were food insecure based on food consumption scores, while 22% used short-term coping strategies. Results from ordered logit models show that exposure to drought negatively impacts food security, while adopting adaptation strategies such as irrigation, agroforestry, and temporary migration positively affects it. The study highlights the importance of household head education, market access, credit, and information access in enhancing adaptive capacity. Recommendations include tailoring adaptation strategies to each agro-ecological zone's specific socio-economic and institutional characteristics. The findings provide insights for policymakers, donors, and extension agents to target interventions that benefit vulnerable households and strengthen their adaptive capacity to climate change.This study examines the impact of climate change extremes and smallholder farmers' adaptation strategies on food security in Nepal. Data was collected from 400 smallholder households across three agro-ecological zones: Mountains, Hills, and Terai. The study found that 12% of households were food insecure based on food consumption scores, while 22% used short-term coping strategies. Results from ordered logit models show that exposure to drought negatively impacts food security, while adopting adaptation strategies such as irrigation, agroforestry, and temporary migration positively affects it. The study highlights the importance of household head education, market access, credit, and information access in enhancing adaptive capacity. Recommendations include tailoring adaptation strategies to each agro-ecological zone's specific socio-economic and institutional characteristics. The findings provide insights for policymakers, donors, and extension agents to target interventions that benefit vulnerable households and strengthen their adaptive capacity to climate change.