The article "Freshwater Biodiversity Conservation: Recent Progress and Future Challenges" by David L. Strayer and David Dudgeon reviews the progress and ongoing challenges in freshwater biodiversity conservation. Freshwater ecosystems, despite covering less than 1% of Earth's surface, support about 10% of all known species and half of vertebrate species. Human activities such as habitat degradation, pollution, flow regulation, water extraction, overfishing, and alien species introductions have led to severe declines in freshwater species, making them more endangered than marine or terrestrial ecosystems. The authors highlight key areas of research and conservation efforts, including status assessments, ecosystem function, autecological studies, metapopulation dynamics, reserve design, habitat restoration, stakeholder communication, and legislative evaluations. They emphasize the need to address four major challenges: the impact of climate change, the urgency of preventing further extinctions, bridging the gap between freshwater ecology and conservation biology, and improving the role of scientific societies and journals in freshwater conservation. The article concludes by calling for increased collaboration and action to protect freshwater biodiversity, warning that failure to act now will lead to the extinction or impoverishment of freshwater species.The article "Freshwater Biodiversity Conservation: Recent Progress and Future Challenges" by David L. Strayer and David Dudgeon reviews the progress and ongoing challenges in freshwater biodiversity conservation. Freshwater ecosystems, despite covering less than 1% of Earth's surface, support about 10% of all known species and half of vertebrate species. Human activities such as habitat degradation, pollution, flow regulation, water extraction, overfishing, and alien species introductions have led to severe declines in freshwater species, making them more endangered than marine or terrestrial ecosystems. The authors highlight key areas of research and conservation efforts, including status assessments, ecosystem function, autecological studies, metapopulation dynamics, reserve design, habitat restoration, stakeholder communication, and legislative evaluations. They emphasize the need to address four major challenges: the impact of climate change, the urgency of preventing further extinctions, bridging the gap between freshwater ecology and conservation biology, and improving the role of scientific societies and journals in freshwater conservation. The article concludes by calling for increased collaboration and action to protect freshwater biodiversity, warning that failure to act now will lead to the extinction or impoverishment of freshwater species.