The article "From Birth to Weaning: A Window of Opportunity for Microbiota" by Valentina Biagioli et al. explores the critical period from birth to weaning, highlighting the importance of nutrition and maternal dietary patterns in shaping the infant's gut microbiota. The authors conducted a comprehensive literature review using the PubMed database from 2013 to 2023, focusing on the impact of early nutritional education programs during pregnancy and the influence of complementary feeding on gut microbiota development. Key findings include: 1. **Early Nutritional Education**: Programs initiated during pregnancy and guiding infant diets during development can influence the shaping of the gut microbiota, promoting long-term health. 2. **Maternal Diet**: Maternal diet and lifestyle during pregnancy significantly affect the maternal intestinal microbiota, which in turn influences fetal development. 3. **Vaginal Delivery**: Natural birth exposes the newborn to the maternal vaginal and fecal microbial ecosystem, which has a long-term influence on the composition and development of the gut microbiota. 4. **Caesarean Section**: C-section delivery results in reduced microbiota diversity and richness, with lower levels of beneficial bacteria like *Bifidobacterium* and *Lactobacillus*. 5. **Human Milk**: Human colostrum and breast milk play a crucial role in supporting the maturation of the newborn's gastrointestinal tract and immune system. Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) act as prebiotics, promoting the growth of beneficial bacteria and preventing infections. 6. **Infant Formula**: The use of infant formula can stimulate glucose metabolism and cause early advanced adiposity, but further research is needed to understand its long-term effects. 7. **Weaning and Nutritional Habits**: The transition to solid foods increases microbial richness and diversity, and malnutrition during this period can compromise child growth. The authors conclude that the period from intrauterine life to weaning is a critical window for modulating the health status of newborns through noninvasive and inexpensive methods such as education on healthy nutrition. Future nutritional approaches should aim to develop personalized diets based on microbiota analysis to restore a healthy intestinal microbiota, laying the foundation for personalized and preventative medical approaches.The article "From Birth to Weaning: A Window of Opportunity for Microbiota" by Valentina Biagioli et al. explores the critical period from birth to weaning, highlighting the importance of nutrition and maternal dietary patterns in shaping the infant's gut microbiota. The authors conducted a comprehensive literature review using the PubMed database from 2013 to 2023, focusing on the impact of early nutritional education programs during pregnancy and the influence of complementary feeding on gut microbiota development. Key findings include: 1. **Early Nutritional Education**: Programs initiated during pregnancy and guiding infant diets during development can influence the shaping of the gut microbiota, promoting long-term health. 2. **Maternal Diet**: Maternal diet and lifestyle during pregnancy significantly affect the maternal intestinal microbiota, which in turn influences fetal development. 3. **Vaginal Delivery**: Natural birth exposes the newborn to the maternal vaginal and fecal microbial ecosystem, which has a long-term influence on the composition and development of the gut microbiota. 4. **Caesarean Section**: C-section delivery results in reduced microbiota diversity and richness, with lower levels of beneficial bacteria like *Bifidobacterium* and *Lactobacillus*. 5. **Human Milk**: Human colostrum and breast milk play a crucial role in supporting the maturation of the newborn's gastrointestinal tract and immune system. Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) act as prebiotics, promoting the growth of beneficial bacteria and preventing infections. 6. **Infant Formula**: The use of infant formula can stimulate glucose metabolism and cause early advanced adiposity, but further research is needed to understand its long-term effects. 7. **Weaning and Nutritional Habits**: The transition to solid foods increases microbial richness and diversity, and malnutrition during this period can compromise child growth. The authors conclude that the period from intrauterine life to weaning is a critical window for modulating the health status of newborns through noninvasive and inexpensive methods such as education on healthy nutrition. Future nutritional approaches should aim to develop personalized diets based on microbiota analysis to restore a healthy intestinal microbiota, laying the foundation for personalized and preventative medical approaches.