Sox proteins, belonging to the HMG box superfamily, are involved in a wide range of developmental processes across the animal kingdom. They play crucial roles in germ layer formation, organ development, and cell type specification. The HMG domain, which is highly conserved among Sox proteins, mediates DNA binding and is responsible for their unique ability to recognize specific DNA sequences. Sox proteins exhibit functional redundancy and crosstalk, often working in concert with other transcription factors to regulate gene expression. The classification of Sox proteins into seven subgroups (A-G) based on amino acid similarity highlights their evolutionary relationships and functional diversity. These proteins are expressed in various tissues and cell types during development, and their functions are often context-dependent, interacting with other proteins to form multiprotein complexes. Key roles of Sox proteins include sex determination, early embryogenesis, neural development, lens formation, neural crest development, chondrogenesis, and haematopoiesis. Mutations in Sox genes can lead to developmental defects and congenital diseases, emphasizing their importance in normal biological processes. Further research is needed to fully understand the molecular mechanisms by which Sox proteins function and their roles in various physiological and pathological contexts.Sox proteins, belonging to the HMG box superfamily, are involved in a wide range of developmental processes across the animal kingdom. They play crucial roles in germ layer formation, organ development, and cell type specification. The HMG domain, which is highly conserved among Sox proteins, mediates DNA binding and is responsible for their unique ability to recognize specific DNA sequences. Sox proteins exhibit functional redundancy and crosstalk, often working in concert with other transcription factors to regulate gene expression. The classification of Sox proteins into seven subgroups (A-G) based on amino acid similarity highlights their evolutionary relationships and functional diversity. These proteins are expressed in various tissues and cell types during development, and their functions are often context-dependent, interacting with other proteins to form multiprotein complexes. Key roles of Sox proteins include sex determination, early embryogenesis, neural development, lens formation, neural crest development, chondrogenesis, and haematopoiesis. Mutations in Sox genes can lead to developmental defects and congenital diseases, emphasizing their importance in normal biological processes. Further research is needed to fully understand the molecular mechanisms by which Sox proteins function and their roles in various physiological and pathological contexts.