The article explores the role of frontal theta band activities in cognitive control, particularly in the realization and implementation of cognitive control processes. Frontal midline theta (FMθ) activities, recorded from the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), are proposed to reflect a common computational mechanism for recognizing the need for cognitive control. These activities are associated with events that indicate a need for increased control, such as novelty, conflict, punishment, and errors, and share a common spectral signature in the theta band. The authors suggest that FMθ may serve as a biophysically plausible mechanism for communicating this need and implementing control across different brain regions. They also discuss the potential roles of theta in the instantiation of control, including altering learning rates, shifting behavioral strategies, and adjusting performance. The article highlights the importance of understanding the mechanisms underlying cognitive control and the potential of frontal theta as a key player in these processes.The article explores the role of frontal theta band activities in cognitive control, particularly in the realization and implementation of cognitive control processes. Frontal midline theta (FMθ) activities, recorded from the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), are proposed to reflect a common computational mechanism for recognizing the need for cognitive control. These activities are associated with events that indicate a need for increased control, such as novelty, conflict, punishment, and errors, and share a common spectral signature in the theta band. The authors suggest that FMθ may serve as a biophysically plausible mechanism for communicating this need and implementing control across different brain regions. They also discuss the potential roles of theta in the instantiation of control, including altering learning rates, shifting behavioral strategies, and adjusting performance. The article highlights the importance of understanding the mechanisms underlying cognitive control and the potential of frontal theta as a key player in these processes.