The article provides a comprehensive overview of the materials requirements and recent advances in fuel cells, focusing on anode, electrolyte, and cathode materials. Fuel cells, categorized by operating temperature (low, intermediate, and high), are highly efficient electrochemical devices with applications ranging from portable power sources to stationary power generation. The anode, electrolyte, and cathode each face unique challenges due to their distinct functions and operating environments. Key materials requirements include ionic and electronic conductivity, chemical and mechanical stability, and thermal expansion. Recent advancements in low-temperature fuel cells operating at 200–400°C are also discussed, highlighting their potential benefits. The article outlines the key areas of need and major opportunities for further research in the field, emphasizing the importance of developing new materials to enhance performance, durability, and cost-effectiveness.The article provides a comprehensive overview of the materials requirements and recent advances in fuel cells, focusing on anode, electrolyte, and cathode materials. Fuel cells, categorized by operating temperature (low, intermediate, and high), are highly efficient electrochemical devices with applications ranging from portable power sources to stationary power generation. The anode, electrolyte, and cathode each face unique challenges due to their distinct functions and operating environments. Key materials requirements include ionic and electronic conductivity, chemical and mechanical stability, and thermal expansion. Recent advancements in low-temperature fuel cells operating at 200–400°C are also discussed, highlighting their potential benefits. The article outlines the key areas of need and major opportunities for further research in the field, emphasizing the importance of developing new materials to enhance performance, durability, and cost-effectiveness.