Myelin, produced by oligodendrocytes, plays a critical role in neuronal function and cognitive processes. It ensures rapid saltatory conduction of action potentials and supports neurons structurally and metabolically. While myelin's primary role in the peripheral nervous system is to speed up conduction, in the central nervous system, it may be more involved in coordinating neuronal networks and maintaining precise information processing. Myelin plasticity is essential for memory formation and maintenance, and its dysfunction is linked to neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and schizophrenia. Myelin's role in cognitive processes involves modulating neuronal network activity and cortical oscillations. Myelination in the cortex is heterogeneous, with differences in myelin patterns among various neurons, including pyramidal neurons and PV interneurons. Myelination is influenced by factors such as axon diameter, neuronal activity, and cell type. Myelin defects in NDDs can lead to impaired cognitive functions, including social behavior and memory. Myelin plasticity is crucial for brain plasticity and learning. Myelin remodeling occurs in response to neuronal activity and experience, allowing dynamic and adaptive changes in neuronal circuits. Myelin plasticity is necessary for proper behavioral performance and cognitive functions. Myelin also influences synaptic transmission and the excitation-inhibition balance, affecting cortical oscillations and cognition. Myelin is involved in brain oscillations, which are essential for cognitive functions such as attention, working memory, and social cognition. Myelin's structure and function are closely linked to specific brain networks. Myelin defects can disrupt these oscillations, leading to cognitive impairments. Myelin plasticity provides a mechanism for modifying conduction delays in an activity-dependent manner, potentially optimizing rhythmic brain activity. In NDDs, myelin dysfunction is a key factor. ASD is associated with altered communication between brain hubs and myelin deficits. Schizophrenia is linked to myelin impairments and dysconnectivity in neuronal networks. Myelin abnormalities in these disorders can lead to social behavior deficits and cognitive impairments. Therapeutic strategies targeting myelin, such as promoting myelination, may offer new approaches for treating NDDs.Myelin, produced by oligodendrocytes, plays a critical role in neuronal function and cognitive processes. It ensures rapid saltatory conduction of action potentials and supports neurons structurally and metabolically. While myelin's primary role in the peripheral nervous system is to speed up conduction, in the central nervous system, it may be more involved in coordinating neuronal networks and maintaining precise information processing. Myelin plasticity is essential for memory formation and maintenance, and its dysfunction is linked to neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and schizophrenia. Myelin's role in cognitive processes involves modulating neuronal network activity and cortical oscillations. Myelination in the cortex is heterogeneous, with differences in myelin patterns among various neurons, including pyramidal neurons and PV interneurons. Myelination is influenced by factors such as axon diameter, neuronal activity, and cell type. Myelin defects in NDDs can lead to impaired cognitive functions, including social behavior and memory. Myelin plasticity is crucial for brain plasticity and learning. Myelin remodeling occurs in response to neuronal activity and experience, allowing dynamic and adaptive changes in neuronal circuits. Myelin plasticity is necessary for proper behavioral performance and cognitive functions. Myelin also influences synaptic transmission and the excitation-inhibition balance, affecting cortical oscillations and cognition. Myelin is involved in brain oscillations, which are essential for cognitive functions such as attention, working memory, and social cognition. Myelin's structure and function are closely linked to specific brain networks. Myelin defects can disrupt these oscillations, leading to cognitive impairments. Myelin plasticity provides a mechanism for modifying conduction delays in an activity-dependent manner, potentially optimizing rhythmic brain activity. In NDDs, myelin dysfunction is a key factor. ASD is associated with altered communication between brain hubs and myelin deficits. Schizophrenia is linked to myelin impairments and dysconnectivity in neuronal networks. Myelin abnormalities in these disorders can lead to social behavior deficits and cognitive impairments. Therapeutic strategies targeting myelin, such as promoting myelination, may offer new approaches for treating NDDs.