Fungal biofilm formation and its regulatory mechanism

Fungal biofilm formation and its regulatory mechanism

12 June 2024 | Dandan Wang, Nan Zeng, Chunji Li, Zijing Li, Ning Zhang, Bingxue Li
This review provides a comprehensive overview of fungal biofilm formation, regulation, and mixed biofilm (MFB) interactions. Fungal biofilms are microbial communities composed of fungal cells and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), which play crucial roles in various environments. The composition and function of EPS in fungal biofilms are essential for understanding their structure and function. The formation of fungal biofilms involves stages such as initial adhesion, aggregation, growth, maturation, and dispersion. The regulation of biofilm formation is influenced by both external environmental factors and internal gene networks, with *Saccharomyces cerevisiae* and *Candida albicans* being well-studied models. Key regulatory genes and pathways, such as *flo11* in *S. cerevisiae* and the cAMP-PKA pathway, amino acid metabolic pathway, and Rim pathway in *C. albicans*, are discussed. Quorum sensing (QS) plays a significant role in mediating fungal biofilm formation, with QS molecules like ethanol and farnesol influencing biofilm development. MFBs, formed by different fungal species, exhibit unique interactions and behaviors, enhancing pathogenicity and drug resistance. The review highlights the importance of understanding these mechanisms for controlling harmful biofilms and developing beneficial applications. It also emphasizes the need for further research to deepen the understanding of fungal biofilm formation and regulation, particularly in mixed biofilms.This review provides a comprehensive overview of fungal biofilm formation, regulation, and mixed biofilm (MFB) interactions. Fungal biofilms are microbial communities composed of fungal cells and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), which play crucial roles in various environments. The composition and function of EPS in fungal biofilms are essential for understanding their structure and function. The formation of fungal biofilms involves stages such as initial adhesion, aggregation, growth, maturation, and dispersion. The regulation of biofilm formation is influenced by both external environmental factors and internal gene networks, with *Saccharomyces cerevisiae* and *Candida albicans* being well-studied models. Key regulatory genes and pathways, such as *flo11* in *S. cerevisiae* and the cAMP-PKA pathway, amino acid metabolic pathway, and Rim pathway in *C. albicans*, are discussed. Quorum sensing (QS) plays a significant role in mediating fungal biofilm formation, with QS molecules like ethanol and farnesol influencing biofilm development. MFBs, formed by different fungal species, exhibit unique interactions and behaviors, enhancing pathogenicity and drug resistance. The review highlights the importance of understanding these mechanisms for controlling harmful biofilms and developing beneficial applications. It also emphasizes the need for further research to deepen the understanding of fungal biofilm formation and regulation, particularly in mixed biofilms.
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[slides and audio] Fungal biofilm formation and its regulatory mechanism