This narrative review explores the current and future applications of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) in various surgical specialties, including general surgery, cardiothoracic surgery, ophthalmology, orthopedic surgery, urology, neurosurgery, and vascular surgery. AI and ML are increasingly being integrated into surgical practices to enhance patient care, improve diagnostic accuracy, and optimize treatment outcomes. The review highlights the benefits of these technologies, such as improved accuracy in screening and diagnosis, better prediction of post-surgical complications, and enhanced surgical precision. However, it also discusses the challenges and limitations, including data representativeness, generalizability, ethical considerations, and the need for further research to ensure equitable and optimal use. The review emphasizes the potential of AI and ML to revolutionize surgery by complementing human expertise and improving patient outcomes, while also addressing safety concerns and the need for interdisciplinary collaboration.This narrative review explores the current and future applications of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) in various surgical specialties, including general surgery, cardiothoracic surgery, ophthalmology, orthopedic surgery, urology, neurosurgery, and vascular surgery. AI and ML are increasingly being integrated into surgical practices to enhance patient care, improve diagnostic accuracy, and optimize treatment outcomes. The review highlights the benefits of these technologies, such as improved accuracy in screening and diagnosis, better prediction of post-surgical complications, and enhanced surgical precision. However, it also discusses the challenges and limitations, including data representativeness, generalizability, ethical considerations, and the need for further research to ensure equitable and optimal use. The review emphasizes the potential of AI and ML to revolutionize surgery by complementing human expertise and improving patient outcomes, while also addressing safety concerns and the need for interdisciplinary collaboration.