This paper introduces Fuzzy Identity-Based Encryption (Fuzzy-IBE), a new type of Identity-Based Encryption (IBE) where identities are viewed as sets of descriptive attributes. In Fuzzy-IBE, a private key for identity ω can decrypt a ciphertext encrypted with identity ω' if and only if the identities are close in terms of set overlap. This allows for error-tolerance, making it suitable for applications like biometric encryption and attribute-based encryption. The authors present two constructions of Fuzzy-IBE schemes. These schemes are error-tolerant and secure against collusion attacks. The first construction uses groups with efficient bilinear maps and does not rely on random oracles. The second construction is designed for large universes where attributes are defined by arbitrary strings. The security of the schemes is proven under the Selective-ID model, reducing it to the Decisional Bilinear Diffie-Hellman (BDH) assumption. The first construction allows for linear growth in public parameters and private keys with the number of attributes, while the second construction uses a large universe and reduces public parameter size to a fixed parameter n. Fuzzy-IBE has practical applications in biometric encryption, where it allows for error-tolerant decryption despite noisy biometric measurements, and in attribute-based encryption, where documents can be encrypted to users with specific attributes. The scheme also provides resistance to collusion attacks, ensuring that no group of users can decrypt a ciphertext that none of them alone could. The paper also discusses related work in IBE, biometrics, and attribute-based encryption, highlighting the novelty and importance of Fuzzy-IBE in enabling flexible and secure encryption schemes. The authors conclude that Fuzzy-IBE offers a promising approach for future research in secure encryption systems.This paper introduces Fuzzy Identity-Based Encryption (Fuzzy-IBE), a new type of Identity-Based Encryption (IBE) where identities are viewed as sets of descriptive attributes. In Fuzzy-IBE, a private key for identity ω can decrypt a ciphertext encrypted with identity ω' if and only if the identities are close in terms of set overlap. This allows for error-tolerance, making it suitable for applications like biometric encryption and attribute-based encryption. The authors present two constructions of Fuzzy-IBE schemes. These schemes are error-tolerant and secure against collusion attacks. The first construction uses groups with efficient bilinear maps and does not rely on random oracles. The second construction is designed for large universes where attributes are defined by arbitrary strings. The security of the schemes is proven under the Selective-ID model, reducing it to the Decisional Bilinear Diffie-Hellman (BDH) assumption. The first construction allows for linear growth in public parameters and private keys with the number of attributes, while the second construction uses a large universe and reduces public parameter size to a fixed parameter n. Fuzzy-IBE has practical applications in biometric encryption, where it allows for error-tolerant decryption despite noisy biometric measurements, and in attribute-based encryption, where documents can be encrypted to users with specific attributes. The scheme also provides resistance to collusion attacks, ensuring that no group of users can decrypt a ciphertext that none of them alone could. The paper also discusses related work in IBE, biometrics, and attribute-based encryption, highlighting the novelty and importance of Fuzzy-IBE in enabling flexible and secure encryption schemes. The authors conclude that Fuzzy-IBE offers a promising approach for future research in secure encryption systems.