Global agricultural losses are caused by various biotic, abiotic, and anthropogenic factors, significantly impacting food security and sustainability. Biotic factors include pests, diseases, and weeds, which account for 38% and 34% of agricultural losses, respectively. Abiotic factors such as salinity, drought, and climate change contribute over 50% of losses, with climate change projected to reduce agricultural productivity by 10-25% by 2080. Post-harvest losses are also a major issue, with inadequate storage and transportation practices leading to significant food waste. Anthropogenic factors, including population growth and unsustainable farming practices, exacerbate these losses. The global population is expected to reach 11 billion by 2100, increasing the demand for food and putting pressure on natural resources. Addressing these losses requires improved agricultural practices, better resource management, and policies to reduce food waste and enhance sustainability. The review highlights the urgent need for strategies to minimize losses and ensure food security for a growing population.Global agricultural losses are caused by various biotic, abiotic, and anthropogenic factors, significantly impacting food security and sustainability. Biotic factors include pests, diseases, and weeds, which account for 38% and 34% of agricultural losses, respectively. Abiotic factors such as salinity, drought, and climate change contribute over 50% of losses, with climate change projected to reduce agricultural productivity by 10-25% by 2080. Post-harvest losses are also a major issue, with inadequate storage and transportation practices leading to significant food waste. Anthropogenic factors, including population growth and unsustainable farming practices, exacerbate these losses. The global population is expected to reach 11 billion by 2100, increasing the demand for food and putting pressure on natural resources. Addressing these losses requires improved agricultural practices, better resource management, and policies to reduce food waste and enhance sustainability. The review highlights the urgent need for strategies to minimize losses and ensure food security for a growing population.