Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder affecting 1-2% of the population over 65 years, with a prevalence expected to rise to 12 million by 2040. PD is characterized by motor symptoms such as tremors, bradykinesia, rigidity, and non-motor features like cognitive decline and sleep disturbances. Current treatments focus on restoring dopamine levels, but these methods have limitations, and new therapeutic approaches are needed. Recent studies highlight similarities between PD and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), suggesting a role for the gut-brain axis in PD pathogenesis. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists, approved for T2DM treatment, are being explored as potential PD-modifying agents due to their neuroprotective and neurotrophic properties. Preclinical and clinical studies show that GLP-1R agonists can restore dopamine levels, inhibit dopaminergic loss, attenuate neuronal degeneration, and alleviate motor and non-motor symptoms of PD. Mechanistically, these agents affect neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, mitochondrial homeostasis, protein folding, autophagy, and apoptosis. Future research should focus on optimizing dosing, long-term safety, and personalized treatment approaches to enhance therapeutic benefits.Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder affecting 1-2% of the population over 65 years, with a prevalence expected to rise to 12 million by 2040. PD is characterized by motor symptoms such as tremors, bradykinesia, rigidity, and non-motor features like cognitive decline and sleep disturbances. Current treatments focus on restoring dopamine levels, but these methods have limitations, and new therapeutic approaches are needed. Recent studies highlight similarities between PD and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), suggesting a role for the gut-brain axis in PD pathogenesis. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists, approved for T2DM treatment, are being explored as potential PD-modifying agents due to their neuroprotective and neurotrophic properties. Preclinical and clinical studies show that GLP-1R agonists can restore dopamine levels, inhibit dopaminergic loss, attenuate neuronal degeneration, and alleviate motor and non-motor symptoms of PD. Mechanistically, these agents affect neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, mitochondrial homeostasis, protein folding, autophagy, and apoptosis. Future research should focus on optimizing dosing, long-term safety, and personalized treatment approaches to enhance therapeutic benefits.