This chapter, authored by Albert Bandura, provides a comprehensive guide for constructing self-efficacy scales. It emphasizes that perceived self-efficacy is a multifaceted belief system that varies across different domains of functioning and is not a global trait. The chapter discusses the importance of tailoring scales to specific domains and the need for multidomain measures to capture the generality of people's sense of personal efficacy. Key points include: 1. **Content Validity**: Items should accurately reflect the construct of perceived self-efficacy, focusing on capability rather than intention. 2. **Domain Specification**: Scales must be tailored to the specific domain of functioning, considering the relevant activities and challenges. 3. **Gradations of Challenge**: Scales should measure perceived efficacy against varying levels of task demands, reflecting the difficulty individuals believe they can overcome. 4. **Response Scale**: Scales should use a 0-100 scale to capture the strength of efficacy beliefs, with sufficient gradations to avoid ceiling effects. 5. **Minimizing Response Biases**: Instructions and administration should minimize motivational effects, ensuring that responses are honest and unbiased. 6. **Item Analysis**: Items should be pretested, discarded if ambiguous, and correlated to ensure homogeneity. 7. **Assessment of Collective Efficacy**: Group efficacy is an emergent property, reflecting the collective judgments of group members, and can be measured through individual or holistic appraisals. 8. **Predictive and Construct Validation**: Scales should have face, discriminative, and predictive validity, and their construct validity can be tested through hypothesis testing. The chapter also includes practical examples and scales for various domains, such as self-regulation, pain management, and academic achievement, to illustrate the application of these guidelines.This chapter, authored by Albert Bandura, provides a comprehensive guide for constructing self-efficacy scales. It emphasizes that perceived self-efficacy is a multifaceted belief system that varies across different domains of functioning and is not a global trait. The chapter discusses the importance of tailoring scales to specific domains and the need for multidomain measures to capture the generality of people's sense of personal efficacy. Key points include: 1. **Content Validity**: Items should accurately reflect the construct of perceived self-efficacy, focusing on capability rather than intention. 2. **Domain Specification**: Scales must be tailored to the specific domain of functioning, considering the relevant activities and challenges. 3. **Gradations of Challenge**: Scales should measure perceived efficacy against varying levels of task demands, reflecting the difficulty individuals believe they can overcome. 4. **Response Scale**: Scales should use a 0-100 scale to capture the strength of efficacy beliefs, with sufficient gradations to avoid ceiling effects. 5. **Minimizing Response Biases**: Instructions and administration should minimize motivational effects, ensuring that responses are honest and unbiased. 6. **Item Analysis**: Items should be pretested, discarded if ambiguous, and correlated to ensure homogeneity. 7. **Assessment of Collective Efficacy**: Group efficacy is an emergent property, reflecting the collective judgments of group members, and can be measured through individual or holistic appraisals. 8. **Predictive and Construct Validation**: Scales should have face, discriminative, and predictive validity, and their construct validity can be tested through hypothesis testing. The chapter also includes practical examples and scales for various domains, such as self-regulation, pain management, and academic achievement, to illustrate the application of these guidelines.