The article discusses the gene expression and signal transduction mechanisms in plants under water stress conditions. Water stress, caused by dehydration, high salinity, or low temperatures, triggers various biochemical and physiological responses in plants. The plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) plays a crucial role in enhancing drought, salt, and cold tolerance. Many genes that respond to these stresses are transcriptionally regulated, and their functions have been partially elucidated through sequence homology with known proteins. The expression patterns of these genes are complex, with some genes responding rapidly to water stress, while others are induced after ABA accumulation. The article highlights the existence of both ABA-dependent and ABA-independent signal transduction pathways, involving multiple transcription factors and signaling molecules such as protein kinases, phospholipase C (PLC), and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). The roles of these factors in stress tolerance and signal transduction are discussed, along with the identification of cis-acting elements in promoter regions that regulate gene expression. The article also reviews the potential sensors of osmotic stress in plants, drawing parallels with yeast and bacterial systems. Finally, it emphasizes the importance of further research to understand the molecular mechanisms of water stress responses in plants.The article discusses the gene expression and signal transduction mechanisms in plants under water stress conditions. Water stress, caused by dehydration, high salinity, or low temperatures, triggers various biochemical and physiological responses in plants. The plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) plays a crucial role in enhancing drought, salt, and cold tolerance. Many genes that respond to these stresses are transcriptionally regulated, and their functions have been partially elucidated through sequence homology with known proteins. The expression patterns of these genes are complex, with some genes responding rapidly to water stress, while others are induced after ABA accumulation. The article highlights the existence of both ABA-dependent and ABA-independent signal transduction pathways, involving multiple transcription factors and signaling molecules such as protein kinases, phospholipase C (PLC), and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). The roles of these factors in stress tolerance and signal transduction are discussed, along with the identification of cis-acting elements in promoter regions that regulate gene expression. The article also reviews the potential sensors of osmotic stress in plants, drawing parallels with yeast and bacterial systems. Finally, it emphasizes the importance of further research to understand the molecular mechanisms of water stress responses in plants.