Generation of cerebral organoids from human pluripotent stem cells

Generation of cerebral organoids from human pluripotent stem cells

4 September 2014 | Madeline A Lancaster & Juergen A Knoblich
This article describes a method for generating cerebral organoids from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), which closely mimic the developmental program of the human brain. The method involves the use of 3D tissue culture techniques to produce brain-like structures that can develop into various brain regions, including the cerebral cortex, ventral telencephalon, choroid plexus, and retina, within 1–2 months. The protocol is straightforward and can be implemented in a standard tissue culture room. Organoids can be maintained for over a year, allowing for the study of later developmental events such as neuronal maturation and survival. The method builds on existing protocols for neural differentiation, 3D tissue culture, and tissue engineering. It combines various techniques to establish neural identity and differentiation, as well as to recapitulate 3D structural organization. Neural tissue develops from the ectoderm in vivo, and similar processes can be induced in vitro using specific media formulations and additives. The method involves the generation of embryoid bodies (EBs) from hPSCs, followed by neural induction in a minimal medium that supports neuroectoderm development. EBs are then embedded in Matrigel and cultured in a spinning bioreactor to promote nutrient and oxygen exchange, leading to the formation of cerebral organoids. The protocol is compared to alternative methods such as neural rosettes and neurospheres, which have limitations in terms of organization and expansion. Cerebral organoids offer a more complex and accurate representation of brain development, allowing for the study of various brain regions and their interactions. The method is suitable for developmental and disease studies, including the examination of neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism, intellectual disability, and epilepsy. However, the method has limitations, including the lack of surrounding embryonic tissues that are important for neural and non-neural tissue cross-talk. Organoids show variability between preparations, and robust phenotypes are necessary for consistent results. The protocol includes detailed steps for generating EBs, feeding and monitoring EBs, neural induction, and the transfer of neuroepithelial tissues to Matrigel droplets. The method also includes steps for cryosectioning and immunostaining of organoids for further analysis. The protocol can be maintained for up to a year, allowing for the study of long-term developmental events.This article describes a method for generating cerebral organoids from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), which closely mimic the developmental program of the human brain. The method involves the use of 3D tissue culture techniques to produce brain-like structures that can develop into various brain regions, including the cerebral cortex, ventral telencephalon, choroid plexus, and retina, within 1–2 months. The protocol is straightforward and can be implemented in a standard tissue culture room. Organoids can be maintained for over a year, allowing for the study of later developmental events such as neuronal maturation and survival. The method builds on existing protocols for neural differentiation, 3D tissue culture, and tissue engineering. It combines various techniques to establish neural identity and differentiation, as well as to recapitulate 3D structural organization. Neural tissue develops from the ectoderm in vivo, and similar processes can be induced in vitro using specific media formulations and additives. The method involves the generation of embryoid bodies (EBs) from hPSCs, followed by neural induction in a minimal medium that supports neuroectoderm development. EBs are then embedded in Matrigel and cultured in a spinning bioreactor to promote nutrient and oxygen exchange, leading to the formation of cerebral organoids. The protocol is compared to alternative methods such as neural rosettes and neurospheres, which have limitations in terms of organization and expansion. Cerebral organoids offer a more complex and accurate representation of brain development, allowing for the study of various brain regions and their interactions. The method is suitable for developmental and disease studies, including the examination of neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism, intellectual disability, and epilepsy. However, the method has limitations, including the lack of surrounding embryonic tissues that are important for neural and non-neural tissue cross-talk. Organoids show variability between preparations, and robust phenotypes are necessary for consistent results. The protocol includes detailed steps for generating EBs, feeding and monitoring EBs, neural induction, and the transfer of neuroepithelial tissues to Matrigel droplets. The method also includes steps for cryosectioning and immunostaining of organoids for further analysis. The protocol can be maintained for up to a year, allowing for the study of long-term developmental events.
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