This review by Kent E. Holsinger and Bruce S. Weir provides a comprehensive overview of Wright’s F-statistics, particularly FST, and their applications in population and evolutionary genetics. FST is a key measure of genetic differentiation among populations, reflecting the degree to which allele frequencies differ between populations. The authors clarify the definition, estimation, and interpretation of FST, emphasizing its importance in identifying regions of the genome under selection and understanding population demographic history. They discuss various estimation methods, including the method of moments, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian approaches, and compare their performance. The review also explores related statistics such as GST, RST, ΦST, and QST, and their applications in estimating migration rates, inferring demographic history, and identifying regions under selection. Additionally, the authors highlight the use of FST in forensic science and association mapping, and discuss the relationship between F-statistics and coalescent-based methods. The review underscores the broad applicability of FST in understanding genetic variation and evolutionary processes across diverse populations.This review by Kent E. Holsinger and Bruce S. Weir provides a comprehensive overview of Wright’s F-statistics, particularly FST, and their applications in population and evolutionary genetics. FST is a key measure of genetic differentiation among populations, reflecting the degree to which allele frequencies differ between populations. The authors clarify the definition, estimation, and interpretation of FST, emphasizing its importance in identifying regions of the genome under selection and understanding population demographic history. They discuss various estimation methods, including the method of moments, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian approaches, and compare their performance. The review also explores related statistics such as GST, RST, ΦST, and QST, and their applications in estimating migration rates, inferring demographic history, and identifying regions under selection. Additionally, the authors highlight the use of FST in forensic science and association mapping, and discuss the relationship between F-statistics and coalescent-based methods. The review underscores the broad applicability of FST in understanding genetic variation and evolutionary processes across diverse populations.