The article reviews the role of glial cells in chronic pain, highlighting the activation of microglia, astrocytes, and satellite glial cells (SGCs) in the central and peripheral nervous systems. It discusses the different activation states of glial cells, including glial reaction, phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), regulation of receptors, channels, and transporters, and production of cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, and proteases. The article also explores the neuronal-glial and glial-glial interactions that contribute to pain sensitivity and the modulation of synaptic transmission by glial mediators. The review emphasizes the importance of glial functions in the development and maintenance of chronic pain, suggesting that chronic pain may be a result of "gliopathy," or dysregulation of glial functions.The article reviews the role of glial cells in chronic pain, highlighting the activation of microglia, astrocytes, and satellite glial cells (SGCs) in the central and peripheral nervous systems. It discusses the different activation states of glial cells, including glial reaction, phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), regulation of receptors, channels, and transporters, and production of cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, and proteases. The article also explores the neuronal-glial and glial-glial interactions that contribute to pain sensitivity and the modulation of synaptic transmission by glial mediators. The review emphasizes the importance of glial functions in the development and maintenance of chronic pain, suggesting that chronic pain may be a result of "gliopathy," or dysregulation of glial functions.