Glioma is the most common primary brain tumor, characterized by a high mortality rate and poor prognosis. The immune system plays a crucial role in tumor elimination and preventing metastasis, making cancer immunotherapy a promising approach for glioma treatment. However, glioma immunotherapies face challenges in clinical trials, including resistance to therapy, high tumor heterogeneity, an immunosuppressive microenvironment, and the blood-brain barrier. The glioma microenvironment, particularly tumor-associated microglia and macrophages, poses significant barriers to effective immunotherapy. Inducing immunogenic cell death (ICD) can convert the tumor microenvironment into an "immunologically hot" environment, enhancing immunotherapy effectiveness. The identification of patient-specific immune profiles and neoantigens is essential for personalized immunotherapy. Recent studies have shown that Th17 cells can influence the effectiveness of glioma immunotherapy. The classification of immune subtypes in gliomas is complex, with different subtypes associated with varying prognoses. The identification of tumor antigens and neoantigens is critical for developing personalized vaccines. Advances in bioinformatics and computational methods have enabled the identification of potential neoantigens for personalized immunotherapy. Despite these advances, challenges remain in translating these findings into clinical practice. Future research should focus on improving immunotherapy strategies for gliomas, including the development of personalized vaccines based on patient-specific neoantigens. The application of immunotherapy in glioma treatment holds great promise, but further research is needed to overcome the challenges associated with the glioma microenvironment and immune profiles.Glioma is the most common primary brain tumor, characterized by a high mortality rate and poor prognosis. The immune system plays a crucial role in tumor elimination and preventing metastasis, making cancer immunotherapy a promising approach for glioma treatment. However, glioma immunotherapies face challenges in clinical trials, including resistance to therapy, high tumor heterogeneity, an immunosuppressive microenvironment, and the blood-brain barrier. The glioma microenvironment, particularly tumor-associated microglia and macrophages, poses significant barriers to effective immunotherapy. Inducing immunogenic cell death (ICD) can convert the tumor microenvironment into an "immunologically hot" environment, enhancing immunotherapy effectiveness. The identification of patient-specific immune profiles and neoantigens is essential for personalized immunotherapy. Recent studies have shown that Th17 cells can influence the effectiveness of glioma immunotherapy. The classification of immune subtypes in gliomas is complex, with different subtypes associated with varying prognoses. The identification of tumor antigens and neoantigens is critical for developing personalized vaccines. Advances in bioinformatics and computational methods have enabled the identification of potential neoantigens for personalized immunotherapy. Despite these advances, challenges remain in translating these findings into clinical practice. Future research should focus on improving immunotherapy strategies for gliomas, including the development of personalized vaccines based on patient-specific neoantigens. The application of immunotherapy in glioma treatment holds great promise, but further research is needed to overcome the challenges associated with the glioma microenvironment and immune profiles.