Glioma, the most common and deadly primary brain tumor, poses significant challenges in terms of survival and quality of life. Despite advancements in neurosurgical techniques and immunotherapeutic approaches, such as chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy and immune checkpoint inhibitors, the prognosis remains poor. The tumor microenvironment (TME) plays a crucial role in the effectiveness of immunotherapy, with high heterogeneity and an immunosuppressive nature being major obstacles. Inducing immunogenic cell death (ICD) can transform the TME from "cold" to "hot," enhancing the immune response and improving therapy efficacy. Th17 cells, a subset of CD4+ helper T cells, have both tumor-suppressing and tumor-promoting effects, complicating the development of effective immunotherapies. Accurate identification and characterization of immune profiles in gliomas are essential for predicting patient prognosis and selecting personalized treatment strategies. Personalized neoantigen-based vaccines, which target specific mutations unique to each patient, show promise but require further validation in clinical trials. The integration of advanced computational methods and multi-omics data analysis is crucial for developing highly sensitive predictive models and identifying neoantigens. Overall, while challenges remain, the potential of immunotherapy, particularly ICD-based approaches, offers hope for improving the treatment of gliomas.Glioma, the most common and deadly primary brain tumor, poses significant challenges in terms of survival and quality of life. Despite advancements in neurosurgical techniques and immunotherapeutic approaches, such as chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy and immune checkpoint inhibitors, the prognosis remains poor. The tumor microenvironment (TME) plays a crucial role in the effectiveness of immunotherapy, with high heterogeneity and an immunosuppressive nature being major obstacles. Inducing immunogenic cell death (ICD) can transform the TME from "cold" to "hot," enhancing the immune response and improving therapy efficacy. Th17 cells, a subset of CD4+ helper T cells, have both tumor-suppressing and tumor-promoting effects, complicating the development of effective immunotherapies. Accurate identification and characterization of immune profiles in gliomas are essential for predicting patient prognosis and selecting personalized treatment strategies. Personalized neoantigen-based vaccines, which target specific mutations unique to each patient, show promise but require further validation in clinical trials. The integration of advanced computational methods and multi-omics data analysis is crucial for developing highly sensitive predictive models and identifying neoantigens. Overall, while challenges remain, the potential of immunotherapy, particularly ICD-based approaches, offers hope for improving the treatment of gliomas.