This review discusses the global epidemiology of lung cancer, highlighting variations in incidence and mortality rates across different regions and populations. In industrialized nations, lung cancer rates in women have risen, lagging behind men's declining rates. Emerging economies show varied smoking patterns and cancer incidence, often with environmental risks like air pollution. Recent research has improved understanding of lung cancer through molecular profiling and targeted therapies, with adenocarcinoma becoming more common. Lung cancer screening efforts have focused on high-risk smokers, and special groups like women and nonsmokers are discussed. Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer-related deaths globally, with higher rates in industrialized countries compared to developing nations. Smoking patterns are closely linked to lung cancer incidence and mortality. In the US and UK, rates have declined since the 1990s, while in emerging nations, smoking remains high, leading to higher mortality. Factors like unequal healthcare access, environmental contamination, and sociocultural barriers contribute to these disparities. In industrialized countries, lung cancer incidence in men peaked in the 1980s and declined, while women's rates followed later. Racial and ethnic disparities exist, with non-Hispanic whites and blacks having higher incidence and mortality. In the UK, lung cancer remains the second most common malignancy. In Europe, rates vary geographically, with central and eastern Europe showing declining trends. Survival rates in Europe are lower than in other malignancies. In Asia, Japan has high lung cancer rates, with men having higher incidence than women. Women in Japan have lower mortality due to higher adenocarcinoma rates. Emerging economies like Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa have high smoking rates, leading to higher mortality. In India, lung cancer rates are among the lowest globally, with different cancer types prevalent. In China, incidence is higher in eastern and urban areas, with rural areas having higher mortality due to poor healthcare access. In Africa, lung cancer rates are low, but higher in certain regions. South America has varying rates, with higher rates in men. Asia has diverse lung cancer rates, with some countries having high rates. Histologically, adenocarcinoma is the most common subtype, with a shift from squamous cell carcinoma in the 1990s. Molecular markers like EGFR and KRAS mutations are significant in lung cancer diagnosis and treatment. Risk factors include smoking, secondhand smoke, e-cigarettes, biomass fuels, COPD, occupational exposures, and environmental pollution. Smoking is the most significant risk factor, with secondhand smoke also contributing. Biomass fuels increase lung cancer risk, especially in Asia. COPD is a common comorbidity in lung cancer patients. Occupational exposures like asbestos and diesel exhaust increase risk. Environmental pollution, including air pollution, is linked to lung cancer. Diet and nutrition play a role, with fruit and vegetable consumption associated with lower risk. Genetic factors contribute to susceptibility, with familyThis review discusses the global epidemiology of lung cancer, highlighting variations in incidence and mortality rates across different regions and populations. In industrialized nations, lung cancer rates in women have risen, lagging behind men's declining rates. Emerging economies show varied smoking patterns and cancer incidence, often with environmental risks like air pollution. Recent research has improved understanding of lung cancer through molecular profiling and targeted therapies, with adenocarcinoma becoming more common. Lung cancer screening efforts have focused on high-risk smokers, and special groups like women and nonsmokers are discussed. Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer-related deaths globally, with higher rates in industrialized countries compared to developing nations. Smoking patterns are closely linked to lung cancer incidence and mortality. In the US and UK, rates have declined since the 1990s, while in emerging nations, smoking remains high, leading to higher mortality. Factors like unequal healthcare access, environmental contamination, and sociocultural barriers contribute to these disparities. In industrialized countries, lung cancer incidence in men peaked in the 1980s and declined, while women's rates followed later. Racial and ethnic disparities exist, with non-Hispanic whites and blacks having higher incidence and mortality. In the UK, lung cancer remains the second most common malignancy. In Europe, rates vary geographically, with central and eastern Europe showing declining trends. Survival rates in Europe are lower than in other malignancies. In Asia, Japan has high lung cancer rates, with men having higher incidence than women. Women in Japan have lower mortality due to higher adenocarcinoma rates. Emerging economies like Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa have high smoking rates, leading to higher mortality. In India, lung cancer rates are among the lowest globally, with different cancer types prevalent. In China, incidence is higher in eastern and urban areas, with rural areas having higher mortality due to poor healthcare access. In Africa, lung cancer rates are low, but higher in certain regions. South America has varying rates, with higher rates in men. Asia has diverse lung cancer rates, with some countries having high rates. Histologically, adenocarcinoma is the most common subtype, with a shift from squamous cell carcinoma in the 1990s. Molecular markers like EGFR and KRAS mutations are significant in lung cancer diagnosis and treatment. Risk factors include smoking, secondhand smoke, e-cigarettes, biomass fuels, COPD, occupational exposures, and environmental pollution. Smoking is the most significant risk factor, with secondhand smoke also contributing. Biomass fuels increase lung cancer risk, especially in Asia. COPD is a common comorbidity in lung cancer patients. Occupational exposures like asbestos and diesel exhaust increase risk. Environmental pollution, including air pollution, is linked to lung cancer. Diet and nutrition play a role, with fruit and vegetable consumption associated with lower risk. Genetic factors contribute to susceptibility, with family