Global fish production, currently around 160 million tons, is increasing due to rising aquaculture production. However, future fish production is uncertain due to the unpredictability of aquatic net primary production (NPP) and its transfer through the food chain. Climate change is affecting fish distribution and productivity, with regional climate variability, such as El Niño–Southern Oscillation, playing a significant role. High-latitude regions may see increased production due to warming and reduced ice cover, while low-latitude regions may experience declines due to reduced vertical mixing and nutrient recycling. Fishing and climate change interact, as fishing reduces population diversity and makes fish stocks more vulnerable to climate stress. Inland fisheries are also threatened by changes in precipitation and water management. Extreme climate events are likely to have major impacts on future fisheries. Reducing fishing mortality in overexploited fisheries is the main way to mitigate climate change impacts. Fish production depends on NPP and how it moves through the food chain to human consumption. NPP is lost at each trophic level, so fish production is weakly related to NPP. Aquaculture is growing rapidly and may improve predictions of climate impacts, but depends on suitable feed sources. Current fisheries production is 77% from marine systems and 23% from inland waters. Capture fisheries account for 68% of total fish, crustacean, and mollusk production, while aquaculture accounts for 32%. Aquaculture is expected to reach similar levels to capture fisheries by 2030. Most fish stocks are fully exploited or overexploited, and biodiversity loss due to fishing reduces ecosystem resilience to climate change. Climate change affects fish distribution, productivity, and extinction, with some positive and negative effects. Inland fisheries face threats from water regime changes, while aquaculture is affected by temperature, pH, and water supply. Coral reefs are also threatened by climate change, leading to reduced fish species richness and ecosystem services. Climate change has occurred historically, and natural systems have adapted. However, future climate change is faster, and species and systems are more vulnerable due to concurrent pressures like fishing and habitat loss. The Mekong River basin illustrates the interaction of multiple threats to fish production. Climate change may have positive or negative impacts on NPP, with regional variations. Predicting future fish production is difficult due to uncertainties in NPP and its transfer. Climate change may lead to nonlinear changes in fish production and species composition, requiring a precautionary approach to fisheries management. Management should be flexible, adaptive, and transparent, and should account for climate change in sustainable fishing practices. Overall, reducing fishing pressure is key to mitigating climate change impacts on fisheries.Global fish production, currently around 160 million tons, is increasing due to rising aquaculture production. However, future fish production is uncertain due to the unpredictability of aquatic net primary production (NPP) and its transfer through the food chain. Climate change is affecting fish distribution and productivity, with regional climate variability, such as El Niño–Southern Oscillation, playing a significant role. High-latitude regions may see increased production due to warming and reduced ice cover, while low-latitude regions may experience declines due to reduced vertical mixing and nutrient recycling. Fishing and climate change interact, as fishing reduces population diversity and makes fish stocks more vulnerable to climate stress. Inland fisheries are also threatened by changes in precipitation and water management. Extreme climate events are likely to have major impacts on future fisheries. Reducing fishing mortality in overexploited fisheries is the main way to mitigate climate change impacts. Fish production depends on NPP and how it moves through the food chain to human consumption. NPP is lost at each trophic level, so fish production is weakly related to NPP. Aquaculture is growing rapidly and may improve predictions of climate impacts, but depends on suitable feed sources. Current fisheries production is 77% from marine systems and 23% from inland waters. Capture fisheries account for 68% of total fish, crustacean, and mollusk production, while aquaculture accounts for 32%. Aquaculture is expected to reach similar levels to capture fisheries by 2030. Most fish stocks are fully exploited or overexploited, and biodiversity loss due to fishing reduces ecosystem resilience to climate change. Climate change affects fish distribution, productivity, and extinction, with some positive and negative effects. Inland fisheries face threats from water regime changes, while aquaculture is affected by temperature, pH, and water supply. Coral reefs are also threatened by climate change, leading to reduced fish species richness and ecosystem services. Climate change has occurred historically, and natural systems have adapted. However, future climate change is faster, and species and systems are more vulnerable due to concurrent pressures like fishing and habitat loss. The Mekong River basin illustrates the interaction of multiple threats to fish production. Climate change may have positive or negative impacts on NPP, with regional variations. Predicting future fish production is difficult due to uncertainties in NPP and its transfer. Climate change may lead to nonlinear changes in fish production and species composition, requiring a precautionary approach to fisheries management. Management should be flexible, adaptive, and transparent, and should account for climate change in sustainable fishing practices. Overall, reducing fishing pressure is key to mitigating climate change impacts on fisheries.