This paper provides an updated assessment of global mercury emissions from both anthropogenic and natural sources. Natural sources account for 5207 Mg of mercury released annually, including re-emission processes and primary emissions from natural reservoirs. Anthropogenic sources, including industrial point sources, are estimated to account for 2320 Mg of mercury emitted annually. Major contributions come from fossil-fuel power plants (810 Mg yr⁻¹), artisanal small-scale gold mining (400 Mg yr⁻¹), non-ferrous metal manufacturing (310 Mg yr⁻¹), cement production (236 Mg yr⁻¹), waste disposal (187 Mg yr⁻¹), and caustic soda production (163 Mg yr⁻¹). The total estimated annual mercury emissions from natural and anthropogenic sources are nearly 7527 Mg, with uncertainties related to the typology of emission sources and source regions. Natural sources include primary emissions and re-emissions from previously deposited mercury. Volcanic emissions vary based on activity, with Hg/SO₂ ratios used for estimation. Mercury emissions from volcanoes, geothermal sources, and topsoil are primary natural sources, while re-emission from vegetation, land, or water surfaces is influenced by land use changes, biomass burning, and meteorological conditions. Mercury emissions from surface waters are higher than those from the sea, with internal waters showing the highest net evasion. Ocean basins and lakes contribute significantly to mercury evasion, accounting for 2778 Mg yr⁻¹ (37% GEb) of net gaseous mercury evasion. Mercury emissions from topsoils and vegetation are influenced by meteorological conditions, historical deposition, and vegetation type. Biomass burning contributes about 13% of natural sources, with the highest contributions from equatorial Asia, boreal Asia, and Southern Hemisphere South America. Natural processes contribute 5207 Mg yr⁻¹ (Table 1), representing nearly 70% of the global mercury emission budget, with oceans being the most important source (36% GEb). Anthropogenic sources include fossil-fuel power plants, non-ferrous metal production, caustic soda production, and other industrial processes. Fossil-fuel power plants are the largest point source of mercury emissions, contributing 810 Mg yr⁻¹. Non-ferrous metal production contributes 310 Mg yr⁻¹, cement production 236 Mg yr⁻¹, waste disposal 187 Mg yr⁻¹, and caustic soda production 163 Mg yr⁻¹. Mercury emissions from coal combustion, artisanal gold mining, and other sources are significant. The total estimated annual mercury emissions from anthropogenic sources are 2320 Mg, with fossil-fuel power plants, artisanal gold mining, non-ferrous metal production, cement production, causticThis paper provides an updated assessment of global mercury emissions from both anthropogenic and natural sources. Natural sources account for 5207 Mg of mercury released annually, including re-emission processes and primary emissions from natural reservoirs. Anthropogenic sources, including industrial point sources, are estimated to account for 2320 Mg of mercury emitted annually. Major contributions come from fossil-fuel power plants (810 Mg yr⁻¹), artisanal small-scale gold mining (400 Mg yr⁻¹), non-ferrous metal manufacturing (310 Mg yr⁻¹), cement production (236 Mg yr⁻¹), waste disposal (187 Mg yr⁻¹), and caustic soda production (163 Mg yr⁻¹). The total estimated annual mercury emissions from natural and anthropogenic sources are nearly 7527 Mg, with uncertainties related to the typology of emission sources and source regions. Natural sources include primary emissions and re-emissions from previously deposited mercury. Volcanic emissions vary based on activity, with Hg/SO₂ ratios used for estimation. Mercury emissions from volcanoes, geothermal sources, and topsoil are primary natural sources, while re-emission from vegetation, land, or water surfaces is influenced by land use changes, biomass burning, and meteorological conditions. Mercury emissions from surface waters are higher than those from the sea, with internal waters showing the highest net evasion. Ocean basins and lakes contribute significantly to mercury evasion, accounting for 2778 Mg yr⁻¹ (37% GEb) of net gaseous mercury evasion. Mercury emissions from topsoils and vegetation are influenced by meteorological conditions, historical deposition, and vegetation type. Biomass burning contributes about 13% of natural sources, with the highest contributions from equatorial Asia, boreal Asia, and Southern Hemisphere South America. Natural processes contribute 5207 Mg yr⁻¹ (Table 1), representing nearly 70% of the global mercury emission budget, with oceans being the most important source (36% GEb). Anthropogenic sources include fossil-fuel power plants, non-ferrous metal production, caustic soda production, and other industrial processes. Fossil-fuel power plants are the largest point source of mercury emissions, contributing 810 Mg yr⁻¹. Non-ferrous metal production contributes 310 Mg yr⁻¹, cement production 236 Mg yr⁻¹, waste disposal 187 Mg yr⁻¹, and caustic soda production 163 Mg yr⁻¹. Mercury emissions from coal combustion, artisanal gold mining, and other sources are significant. The total estimated annual mercury emissions from anthropogenic sources are 2320 Mg, with fossil-fuel power plants, artisanal gold mining, non-ferrous metal production, cement production, caustic