The article discusses the global nutrition transition and the pandemic of obesity in developing countries. Decades ago, the idea of a global obesity pandemic was considered heretical, but by the 1970s, dietary patterns began to shift towards processed foods, increased consumption of edible oils and sugar-sweetened beverages, and reduced physical activity. These changes have led to a rise in obesity and related health issues such as diabetes and hypertension, particularly in low- and middle-income populations. The article highlights the rapid increases in obesity rates across urban and rural areas in sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, and other regions, driven by dietary and activity shifts. It also examines the potential options for low- and middle-income countries to address these challenges, including large-scale programmatic and policy measures. The authors emphasize the importance of dietary changes, particularly reducing the consumption of processed foods and increasing physical activity, to prevent obesity and its associated health risks. They also discuss the role of food systems, food security, and the dual burden of undernutrition and obesity in these countries. The article concludes by highlighting the need for rigorous evaluation of existing programs and initiatives to enhance their efficacy and the importance of addressing food insecurity and hunger without exacerbating the obesity problem.The article discusses the global nutrition transition and the pandemic of obesity in developing countries. Decades ago, the idea of a global obesity pandemic was considered heretical, but by the 1970s, dietary patterns began to shift towards processed foods, increased consumption of edible oils and sugar-sweetened beverages, and reduced physical activity. These changes have led to a rise in obesity and related health issues such as diabetes and hypertension, particularly in low- and middle-income populations. The article highlights the rapid increases in obesity rates across urban and rural areas in sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, and other regions, driven by dietary and activity shifts. It also examines the potential options for low- and middle-income countries to address these challenges, including large-scale programmatic and policy measures. The authors emphasize the importance of dietary changes, particularly reducing the consumption of processed foods and increasing physical activity, to prevent obesity and its associated health risks. They also discuss the role of food systems, food security, and the dual burden of undernutrition and obesity in these countries. The article concludes by highlighting the need for rigorous evaluation of existing programs and initiatives to enhance their efficacy and the importance of addressing food insecurity and hunger without exacerbating the obesity problem.