Kevin H. O'Rourke and Jeffrey G. Williamson's "Globalization and History: The Evolution of a Nineteenth-Century Atlantic Economy" is a comprehensive study of economic integration in the late nineteenth century. The book synthesizes years of research by Williamson and others, offering a final statement on the topic. It is intended for a broader audience, including economists and historians, not just specialists in economic history. While economic historians familiar with Williamson's work will find little new, the book provides a cohesive overview of the findings. The authors define globalization as increased international movement of goods and factors of production. They focus on economic convergence, particularly in wages, as a key indicator of economic well-being. They argue that convergence in real wages is primarily due to international factor flows and trade, not technological change. However, the book hints at the role of technology, especially in the context of transport improvements and resource exploitation. The authors examine convergence among seventeen national economies, emphasizing the contrast between the New World and Old World. They note that convergence in the New World is more pronounced, partly due to European labor and capital movement. The book explores the effects of globalization on income distribution, trade liberalization, and migration. It highlights the role of trans-Atlantic trade in wage convergence and the backlash against globalization in Europe. The authors also discuss international capital flows, noting that capital markets were more integrated in the nineteenth century than today. However, capital did not flow to labor-abundant regions, offsetting migration-driven convergence. The book addresses the debate on whether trade and factor flows are substitutes or complements, offering a fresh perspective. Overall, the book provides a detailed analysis of globalization in the nineteenth century, emphasizing the role of trade, migration, and capital flows in shaping economic convergence and distribution. It is a valuable resource for understanding the historical context of globalization.Kevin H. O'Rourke and Jeffrey G. Williamson's "Globalization and History: The Evolution of a Nineteenth-Century Atlantic Economy" is a comprehensive study of economic integration in the late nineteenth century. The book synthesizes years of research by Williamson and others, offering a final statement on the topic. It is intended for a broader audience, including economists and historians, not just specialists in economic history. While economic historians familiar with Williamson's work will find little new, the book provides a cohesive overview of the findings. The authors define globalization as increased international movement of goods and factors of production. They focus on economic convergence, particularly in wages, as a key indicator of economic well-being. They argue that convergence in real wages is primarily due to international factor flows and trade, not technological change. However, the book hints at the role of technology, especially in the context of transport improvements and resource exploitation. The authors examine convergence among seventeen national economies, emphasizing the contrast between the New World and Old World. They note that convergence in the New World is more pronounced, partly due to European labor and capital movement. The book explores the effects of globalization on income distribution, trade liberalization, and migration. It highlights the role of trans-Atlantic trade in wage convergence and the backlash against globalization in Europe. The authors also discuss international capital flows, noting that capital markets were more integrated in the nineteenth century than today. However, capital did not flow to labor-abundant regions, offsetting migration-driven convergence. The book addresses the debate on whether trade and factor flows are substitutes or complements, offering a fresh perspective. Overall, the book provides a detailed analysis of globalization in the nineteenth century, emphasizing the role of trade, migration, and capital flows in shaping economic convergence and distribution. It is a valuable resource for understanding the historical context of globalization.