The article provides a comprehensive overview of the glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor (GLP-1R) and its significance in medical therapy. GLP-1R, a member of the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) family, plays a crucial role in regulating blood glucose levels, lipid metabolism, and other biological functions. The article traces the development of GLP-1 drugs from their initial discovery to clinical application, detailing the evolution of various GLP-1 medications and their pharmacological properties. It explores the potential applications of GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) in fields such as neuroprotection, anti-infection measures, inflammation reduction, and cardiovascular function enhancement. The article also assesses the effectiveness of GLP-1RAs across multiple body systems, including the nervous, cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, and digestive systems, integrating the latest clinical trial data and delving into potential signaling pathways and pharmacological mechanisms. The primary goal is to emphasize the extensive benefits of using GLP-1RAs in treating a broad spectrum of diseases, such as obesity, cardiovascular diseases, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), neurodegenerative diseases, musculoskeletal inflammation, and various forms of cancer. The ongoing development of new indications for GLP-1 drugs offers promising prospects for expanding therapeutic interventions, showcasing their significant potential in the medical field.The article provides a comprehensive overview of the glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor (GLP-1R) and its significance in medical therapy. GLP-1R, a member of the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) family, plays a crucial role in regulating blood glucose levels, lipid metabolism, and other biological functions. The article traces the development of GLP-1 drugs from their initial discovery to clinical application, detailing the evolution of various GLP-1 medications and their pharmacological properties. It explores the potential applications of GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) in fields such as neuroprotection, anti-infection measures, inflammation reduction, and cardiovascular function enhancement. The article also assesses the effectiveness of GLP-1RAs across multiple body systems, including the nervous, cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, and digestive systems, integrating the latest clinical trial data and delving into potential signaling pathways and pharmacological mechanisms. The primary goal is to emphasize the extensive benefits of using GLP-1RAs in treating a broad spectrum of diseases, such as obesity, cardiovascular diseases, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), neurodegenerative diseases, musculoskeletal inflammation, and various forms of cancer. The ongoing development of new indications for GLP-1 drugs offers promising prospects for expanding therapeutic interventions, showcasing their significant potential in the medical field.