GOING BEYOND BELL'S THEOREM

GOING BEYOND BELL'S THEOREM

| Daniel M. Greenberger, Michael A. Horne, and Anton Zeilinger
This paper extends Bell's theorem, which shows that quantum mechanics cannot be explained by a classical, deterministic, local model. However, Bell's theorem does not apply to the specific case considered by Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen (EPR), where one can predict with certainty the outcome of an experiment. In this case, a classical model can reproduce the results. The EPR argument was based on the idea that if a physical quantity can be predicted with certainty without disturbing a system, then it is an element of physical reality. Quantum mechanics, however, denies this, stating that the spin of a particle is indeterminate until measured. The paper discusses a spin-0 system decaying into two spin-1/2 particles, where the spins are correlated. Quantum mechanics predicts that the spin of one particle is indeterminate until measured, while EPR argues that the spin of the other particle must be an element of reality. Bell's theorem shows that quantum mechanics violates the assumptions of local hidden variable theories, but it does not apply to the EPR case where definite predictions are possible. The paper then presents a more complex model, considering a particle of spin 1 decaying into four spin-1/2 particles. It shows that even in this case, a classical, deterministic, local model cannot reproduce quantum results. The paper concludes that Bell's theorem does not address the EPR case, where definite predictions are possible, and that a more complex model is needed to show that even in this case, a classical model cannot reproduce quantum results. The paper emphasizes the importance of experimental verification of quantum theory, as it demonstrates that quantum results cannot be classically duplicated.This paper extends Bell's theorem, which shows that quantum mechanics cannot be explained by a classical, deterministic, local model. However, Bell's theorem does not apply to the specific case considered by Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen (EPR), where one can predict with certainty the outcome of an experiment. In this case, a classical model can reproduce the results. The EPR argument was based on the idea that if a physical quantity can be predicted with certainty without disturbing a system, then it is an element of physical reality. Quantum mechanics, however, denies this, stating that the spin of a particle is indeterminate until measured. The paper discusses a spin-0 system decaying into two spin-1/2 particles, where the spins are correlated. Quantum mechanics predicts that the spin of one particle is indeterminate until measured, while EPR argues that the spin of the other particle must be an element of reality. Bell's theorem shows that quantum mechanics violates the assumptions of local hidden variable theories, but it does not apply to the EPR case where definite predictions are possible. The paper then presents a more complex model, considering a particle of spin 1 decaying into four spin-1/2 particles. It shows that even in this case, a classical, deterministic, local model cannot reproduce quantum results. The paper concludes that Bell's theorem does not address the EPR case, where definite predictions are possible, and that a more complex model is needed to show that even in this case, a classical model cannot reproduce quantum results. The paper emphasizes the importance of experimental verification of quantum theory, as it demonstrates that quantum results cannot be classically duplicated.
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