Graphene has been shown to serve as a biocompatible scaffold that supports the proliferation of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) and accelerates their differentiation into osteogenic cells. This study demonstrates that graphene can promote osteogenic differentiation of hMSCs without the need for common growth factors such as BMP-2, achieving differentiation rates comparable to those observed with traditional growth factors. The mechanical properties of graphene, including its high Young’s modulus and flexibility, contribute to its effectiveness in promoting cell differentiation. Graphene's unique properties allow it to provide a suitable microenvironment for stem cell growth and differentiation, making it a promising material for stem cell research and regenerative medicine. The study also highlights the potential of graphene as a scalable and cost-effective alternative to biochemical growth factors in bone tissue engineering. Graphene's ability to enhance osteogenic differentiation is attributed to its mechanical and surface properties, which facilitate cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation. The results suggest that graphene can be used as a versatile platform for future biomedical applications, particularly in stem cell therapies. The study also emphasizes the importance of substrate stiffness and surface morphology in stem cell differentiation, with graphene's unique properties enabling effective differentiation even on softer substrates. Overall, the findings indicate that graphene is a promising material for bone regeneration and stem cell-based therapies.Graphene has been shown to serve as a biocompatible scaffold that supports the proliferation of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) and accelerates their differentiation into osteogenic cells. This study demonstrates that graphene can promote osteogenic differentiation of hMSCs without the need for common growth factors such as BMP-2, achieving differentiation rates comparable to those observed with traditional growth factors. The mechanical properties of graphene, including its high Young’s modulus and flexibility, contribute to its effectiveness in promoting cell differentiation. Graphene's unique properties allow it to provide a suitable microenvironment for stem cell growth and differentiation, making it a promising material for stem cell research and regenerative medicine. The study also highlights the potential of graphene as a scalable and cost-effective alternative to biochemical growth factors in bone tissue engineering. Graphene's ability to enhance osteogenic differentiation is attributed to its mechanical and surface properties, which facilitate cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation. The results suggest that graphene can be used as a versatile platform for future biomedical applications, particularly in stem cell therapies. The study also emphasizes the importance of substrate stiffness and surface morphology in stem cell differentiation, with graphene's unique properties enabling effective differentiation even on softer substrates. Overall, the findings indicate that graphene is a promising material for bone regeneration and stem cell-based therapies.