The synthesis of conventional plastics has increased significantly due to industrialization, population growth, and technological advancements. However, the overuse of fossil fuel-based plastics has led to environmental and health hazards such as pollution and global warming. As a result, the use of microalgae as a feedstock for biobased plastics is a promising, green, and sustainable approach. Various biopolymers, including polyhydroxybutyrate, polyurethane, polylactic acid, cellulose-based polymers, starch-based polymers, and protein-based polymers, can be produced from different strains of microalgae under varying culture conditions. Techniques such as genetic engineering, metabolic engineering, photobioreactor use, response surface methodology, and artificial intelligence are employed to enhance microalgae stocks for the commercial synthesis of bioplastics at lower costs. Bioplastics are biodegradable, biocompatible, recyclable, non-toxic, eco-friendly, and sustainable, with robust mechanical and thermoplastic properties. They have a wide range of applications in agriculture, construction, healthcare, electrical and electronics, and packaging industries. This review focuses on techniques for producing biopolymers and bioplastics from microalgae, innovative strategies for large-scale production, life cycle assessment, end-of-life considerations, and applications. Challenges affecting industrial-scale bioplastics production and recommendations for future research are also discussed.The synthesis of conventional plastics has increased significantly due to industrialization, population growth, and technological advancements. However, the overuse of fossil fuel-based plastics has led to environmental and health hazards such as pollution and global warming. As a result, the use of microalgae as a feedstock for biobased plastics is a promising, green, and sustainable approach. Various biopolymers, including polyhydroxybutyrate, polyurethane, polylactic acid, cellulose-based polymers, starch-based polymers, and protein-based polymers, can be produced from different strains of microalgae under varying culture conditions. Techniques such as genetic engineering, metabolic engineering, photobioreactor use, response surface methodology, and artificial intelligence are employed to enhance microalgae stocks for the commercial synthesis of bioplastics at lower costs. Bioplastics are biodegradable, biocompatible, recyclable, non-toxic, eco-friendly, and sustainable, with robust mechanical and thermoplastic properties. They have a wide range of applications in agriculture, construction, healthcare, electrical and electronics, and packaging industries. This review focuses on techniques for producing biopolymers and bioplastics from microalgae, innovative strategies for large-scale production, life cycle assessment, end-of-life considerations, and applications. Challenges affecting industrial-scale bioplastics production and recommendations for future research are also discussed.