The article "Green cities and vector-borne diseases: emerging concerns and opportunities" by Florence Fournet, Frédéric Simard, and Didier Fontenille explores the impact of urban greening on vector-borne diseases (VBDs). Urban greening, such as public gardens, urban forests, parks, and street trees, is a nature-based solution aimed at improving human health and biodiversity. While these initiatives have numerous benefits, they also pose potential risks by affecting disease vector populations, potentially increasing pathogen transmission and the emergence of infectious diseases like dengue, West Nile fever, malaria, leishmaniosis, and tick-borne diseases. The authors highlight that the impact of urban green spaces on VBDs is not well understood due to varying scales of observation and disparities between cities. They emphasize the need for careful assessment to support planning, monitoring, and management of green spaces to mitigate VBD risks. The article discusses specific examples of VBDs influenced by urban greening, such as dengue in Tokyo and leishmaniasis in Spain, and the role of urban biodiversity in disease emergence. Key questions addressed include the impact of different types of green spaces on vectors, the extent to which green spaces amplify vector abundance and diversity, and the protocols for monitoring entomological and environmental data. The authors advocate for a better understanding of how urban greening affects VBD transmission and suggest that nature-based solutions can be powerful tools for sustainable management of VBD risks in cities. The conclusion underscores the importance of integrating green spaces and nature-based solutions into urban planning to promote healthy ecosystems and mitigate VBD risks. The article calls for proactive identification and monitoring of the impacts of urban greening on VBDs and the development of nature-based management solutions to ensure the viability of current and future urban greening initiatives.The article "Green cities and vector-borne diseases: emerging concerns and opportunities" by Florence Fournet, Frédéric Simard, and Didier Fontenille explores the impact of urban greening on vector-borne diseases (VBDs). Urban greening, such as public gardens, urban forests, parks, and street trees, is a nature-based solution aimed at improving human health and biodiversity. While these initiatives have numerous benefits, they also pose potential risks by affecting disease vector populations, potentially increasing pathogen transmission and the emergence of infectious diseases like dengue, West Nile fever, malaria, leishmaniosis, and tick-borne diseases. The authors highlight that the impact of urban green spaces on VBDs is not well understood due to varying scales of observation and disparities between cities. They emphasize the need for careful assessment to support planning, monitoring, and management of green spaces to mitigate VBD risks. The article discusses specific examples of VBDs influenced by urban greening, such as dengue in Tokyo and leishmaniasis in Spain, and the role of urban biodiversity in disease emergence. Key questions addressed include the impact of different types of green spaces on vectors, the extent to which green spaces amplify vector abundance and diversity, and the protocols for monitoring entomological and environmental data. The authors advocate for a better understanding of how urban greening affects VBD transmission and suggest that nature-based solutions can be powerful tools for sustainable management of VBD risks in cities. The conclusion underscores the importance of integrating green spaces and nature-based solutions into urban planning to promote healthy ecosystems and mitigate VBD risks. The article calls for proactive identification and monitoring of the impacts of urban greening on VBDs and the development of nature-based management solutions to ensure the viability of current and future urban greening initiatives.