Green cities and vector-borne diseases: emerging concerns and opportunities Urban greening, such as parks, forests, and green roofs, is increasingly used to improve urban health and biodiversity. However, it may also affect vector populations, potentially increasing the transmission of diseases like dengue, West Nile fever, malaria, and tick-borne diseases. The impact of urban green areas on vector-borne disease (VBD) transmission is not well understood, and findings are often contradictory due to differences in city environments and green space types. Urbanisation reduces biodiversity, but green spaces can enhance it by providing habitats and ecological corridors. This can influence the prevalence of vector-borne diseases by affecting vector and host diversity. For example, Culex mosquitoes, which transmit West Nile virus, are influenced by urban vegetation and bird species richness. In some cases, urban green areas may reduce VBD risk by increasing the number of non-competent hosts, but in other cases, they may increase it by facilitating vector and host interactions. Urban green and blue areas can also facilitate the spread of ticks and tick-borne diseases, such as Lyme disease, through ecological corridors. The density of tick populations and their infection rates can be influenced by park connectivity and tree density. In Europe, there has been an increase in tick-borne diseases in urban and peri-urban areas since 2010. While urban greening can improve human health by reducing pollution and heat islands, it may also increase the risk of VBD. Therefore, it is important to understand how urban greening affects VBD risk and to develop sustainable management strategies. Research is needed to assess the impact of vegetation on VBD risk, using rigorous methodologies and involving stakeholders from various disciplines. Integrating green spaces into urban planning is essential for promoting healthy ecosystems and managing VBD risks.Green cities and vector-borne diseases: emerging concerns and opportunities Urban greening, such as parks, forests, and green roofs, is increasingly used to improve urban health and biodiversity. However, it may also affect vector populations, potentially increasing the transmission of diseases like dengue, West Nile fever, malaria, and tick-borne diseases. The impact of urban green areas on vector-borne disease (VBD) transmission is not well understood, and findings are often contradictory due to differences in city environments and green space types. Urbanisation reduces biodiversity, but green spaces can enhance it by providing habitats and ecological corridors. This can influence the prevalence of vector-borne diseases by affecting vector and host diversity. For example, Culex mosquitoes, which transmit West Nile virus, are influenced by urban vegetation and bird species richness. In some cases, urban green areas may reduce VBD risk by increasing the number of non-competent hosts, but in other cases, they may increase it by facilitating vector and host interactions. Urban green and blue areas can also facilitate the spread of ticks and tick-borne diseases, such as Lyme disease, through ecological corridors. The density of tick populations and their infection rates can be influenced by park connectivity and tree density. In Europe, there has been an increase in tick-borne diseases in urban and peri-urban areas since 2010. While urban greening can improve human health by reducing pollution and heat islands, it may also increase the risk of VBD. Therefore, it is important to understand how urban greening affects VBD risk and to develop sustainable management strategies. Research is needed to assess the impact of vegetation on VBD risk, using rigorous methodologies and involving stakeholders from various disciplines. Integrating green spaces into urban planning is essential for promoting healthy ecosystems and managing VBD risks.