The 2008 European Stroke Organisation (ESO) guidelines for the management of ischaemic stroke and transient ischaemic attack (TIA) emphasize the importance of early recognition, rapid treatment, and comprehensive care. These guidelines update the European Stroke Initiative (EUSI) recommendations from 2000 and include new evidence on stroke prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation. Stroke is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality globally, with significant variations in incidence and mortality between Eastern and Western Europe. Stroke is the most important cause of long-term disability in Europe and is also a major cause of dementia and epilepsy in the elderly. The guidelines recommend immediate emergency medical services (EMS) contact and priority transport for suspected stroke patients. Stroke units are emphasized for the management of acute stroke patients, with a focus on early diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation. Diagnostic imaging, including CT and MRI, is crucial for differentiating ischaemic stroke from intracranial haemorrhage and for identifying the cause of stroke. The guidelines also highlight the importance of primary and secondary prevention strategies, including lifestyle modifications, blood pressure control, cholesterol management, and smoking and alcohol cessation. The guidelines recommend that all stroke patients be treated in a stroke unit, with access to high-technology medical and surgical care when needed. Telemedicine is recommended to expand access to specialist care, particularly in remote areas. Stroke recognition tools, such as the Face-Arm-Speech Test, are recommended for early identification of stroke symptoms. The guidelines also emphasize the importance of education and public awareness campaigns to improve recognition of stroke symptoms and reduce delays in seeking medical help. The guidelines cover the management of complications, rehabilitation, and the use of thrombolysis in acute stroke patients. They also address the management of vascular risk factors, including hypertension, diabetes, and hyperlipidaemia. The guidelines recommend lifestyle changes, such as regular physical activity, a healthy diet, and weight management, to reduce the risk of stroke. The guidelines also emphasize the importance of cardiac evaluation, including ECG and echocardiography, to identify potential cardiac sources of embolism. Overall, the guidelines aim to improve the outcomes of stroke patients through early recognition, rapid treatment, and comprehensive care, with a focus on both acute and long-term management. The guidelines are continuously updated to reflect new evidence and are available online for reference.The 2008 European Stroke Organisation (ESO) guidelines for the management of ischaemic stroke and transient ischaemic attack (TIA) emphasize the importance of early recognition, rapid treatment, and comprehensive care. These guidelines update the European Stroke Initiative (EUSI) recommendations from 2000 and include new evidence on stroke prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation. Stroke is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality globally, with significant variations in incidence and mortality between Eastern and Western Europe. Stroke is the most important cause of long-term disability in Europe and is also a major cause of dementia and epilepsy in the elderly. The guidelines recommend immediate emergency medical services (EMS) contact and priority transport for suspected stroke patients. Stroke units are emphasized for the management of acute stroke patients, with a focus on early diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation. Diagnostic imaging, including CT and MRI, is crucial for differentiating ischaemic stroke from intracranial haemorrhage and for identifying the cause of stroke. The guidelines also highlight the importance of primary and secondary prevention strategies, including lifestyle modifications, blood pressure control, cholesterol management, and smoking and alcohol cessation. The guidelines recommend that all stroke patients be treated in a stroke unit, with access to high-technology medical and surgical care when needed. Telemedicine is recommended to expand access to specialist care, particularly in remote areas. Stroke recognition tools, such as the Face-Arm-Speech Test, are recommended for early identification of stroke symptoms. The guidelines also emphasize the importance of education and public awareness campaigns to improve recognition of stroke symptoms and reduce delays in seeking medical help. The guidelines cover the management of complications, rehabilitation, and the use of thrombolysis in acute stroke patients. They also address the management of vascular risk factors, including hypertension, diabetes, and hyperlipidaemia. The guidelines recommend lifestyle changes, such as regular physical activity, a healthy diet, and weight management, to reduce the risk of stroke. The guidelines also emphasize the importance of cardiac evaluation, including ECG and echocardiography, to identify potential cardiac sources of embolism. Overall, the guidelines aim to improve the outcomes of stroke patients through early recognition, rapid treatment, and comprehensive care, with a focus on both acute and long-term management. The guidelines are continuously updated to reflect new evidence and are available online for reference.