The study investigates the gut microbiota of the Hadza hunter-gatherers in Tanzania to understand how their lifestyle may have co-evolved with their gut bacteria. The Hadza have higher microbial richness and biodiversity compared to Italian urban controls. Comparisons with two rural African farming groups reveal unique features of the Hadza microbiome, such as the absence of *Bifidobacterium* and differences in microbial composition between sexes, likely reflecting sexual division of labor. The Hadza microbiome is enriched in *Prevotella*, *Treponema*, and unclassified *Bacteroidetes*, which may enhance their ability to digest and extract nutrients from fibrous plant foods. The study also highlights the sex-based differences in the Hadza microbiome, with women showing increased abundance of *Treponema* and men showing increased abundance of *Eubacterium* and *Blautia*. These findings suggest that the Hadza microbiome is adapted to their foraging lifestyle, providing insights into the co-evolution of human gut microbiota and human evolution.The study investigates the gut microbiota of the Hadza hunter-gatherers in Tanzania to understand how their lifestyle may have co-evolved with their gut bacteria. The Hadza have higher microbial richness and biodiversity compared to Italian urban controls. Comparisons with two rural African farming groups reveal unique features of the Hadza microbiome, such as the absence of *Bifidobacterium* and differences in microbial composition between sexes, likely reflecting sexual division of labor. The Hadza microbiome is enriched in *Prevotella*, *Treponema*, and unclassified *Bacteroidetes*, which may enhance their ability to digest and extract nutrients from fibrous plant foods. The study also highlights the sex-based differences in the Hadza microbiome, with women showing increased abundance of *Treponema* and men showing increased abundance of *Eubacterium* and *Blautia*. These findings suggest that the Hadza microbiome is adapted to their foraging lifestyle, providing insights into the co-evolution of human gut microbiota and human evolution.