The gut microbiota-gonadal axis refers to the interaction between the gut microbiota and reproductive functions. This review explores the impact of gut microbiota on reproduction, including the mechanisms by which it modulates male and female reproductive functions. The study highlights the role of gut microbiota in regulating steroid sex hormones, insulin sensitivity, immune system, and gonadal microbiota. It also discusses the effects of gut microbiota on reproductive health, including the influence on female reproduction through hormone regulation, immune function, nutrient metabolism, and inflammatory pathways. The review also covers the impact of gut microbiota on male reproduction, including the modulation of male sex hormones, insulin sensitivity, immune system, and testicular microbiota. The study emphasizes the importance of gut microbiota in maintaining reproductive health and the need for further research to understand the complex interactions between gut microbiota and reproductive functions. The review also discusses the role of gut microbiota in epigenetic modifications and the impact of gut virome on fertility. The study concludes that further research is needed to fully understand the relationship between gut microbiota and reproductive functions, and to develop strategies for improving reproductive health.The gut microbiota-gonadal axis refers to the interaction between the gut microbiota and reproductive functions. This review explores the impact of gut microbiota on reproduction, including the mechanisms by which it modulates male and female reproductive functions. The study highlights the role of gut microbiota in regulating steroid sex hormones, insulin sensitivity, immune system, and gonadal microbiota. It also discusses the effects of gut microbiota on reproductive health, including the influence on female reproduction through hormone regulation, immune function, nutrient metabolism, and inflammatory pathways. The review also covers the impact of gut microbiota on male reproduction, including the modulation of male sex hormones, insulin sensitivity, immune system, and testicular microbiota. The study emphasizes the importance of gut microbiota in maintaining reproductive health and the need for further research to understand the complex interactions between gut microbiota and reproductive functions. The review also discusses the role of gut microbiota in epigenetic modifications and the impact of gut virome on fertility. The study concludes that further research is needed to fully understand the relationship between gut microbiota and reproductive functions, and to develop strategies for improving reproductive health.