The article discusses the role of gut microbiota in tumor microenvironment (TME) interactions and its therapeutic implications in cancer treatment. It highlights the importance of the TME in cancer development, progression, and response to therapy. The gut microbiota, as a key component of the TME, influences cancer immunotherapy and can be manipulated to enhance treatment outcomes. The review summarizes the functions of gut microbiota in human cancers, their interactions with the TME, and potential applications in cancer therapeutics. It also discusses methods such as fecal microbiota transplantation, dietary adjustments, and synthetic biology to introduce microbiota-based medical technologies for cancer treatment. The review emphasizes the need for a comprehensive understanding of the interaction between gut microbiota and the TME to develop effective, safe, and patient-friendly treatments. The article also explores the role of the gut microbiota in cancer diagnosis and therapy, including the use of microbiota-based strategies for cancer detection and treatment. It discusses the potential of synthetic biology in cancer diagnosis and therapy, highlighting the use of engineered bacteria for targeted therapy and immunotherapy. The review concludes that the gut microbiota plays a critical role in cancer development and treatment, and further research is needed to fully understand its mechanisms and applications in personalized medicine.The article discusses the role of gut microbiota in tumor microenvironment (TME) interactions and its therapeutic implications in cancer treatment. It highlights the importance of the TME in cancer development, progression, and response to therapy. The gut microbiota, as a key component of the TME, influences cancer immunotherapy and can be manipulated to enhance treatment outcomes. The review summarizes the functions of gut microbiota in human cancers, their interactions with the TME, and potential applications in cancer therapeutics. It also discusses methods such as fecal microbiota transplantation, dietary adjustments, and synthetic biology to introduce microbiota-based medical technologies for cancer treatment. The review emphasizes the need for a comprehensive understanding of the interaction between gut microbiota and the TME to develop effective, safe, and patient-friendly treatments. The article also explores the role of the gut microbiota in cancer diagnosis and therapy, including the use of microbiota-based strategies for cancer detection and treatment. It discusses the potential of synthetic biology in cancer diagnosis and therapy, highlighting the use of engineered bacteria for targeted therapy and immunotherapy. The review concludes that the gut microbiota plays a critical role in cancer development and treatment, and further research is needed to fully understand its mechanisms and applications in personalized medicine.