The article reviews the role of gut microbiota in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and its therapeutic implications. It highlights the complex interactions between the gut microbiota, host immune system, and tumors, emphasizing the potential of modulating the gut microbiota to optimize the TME and enhance cancer immunotherapy. The gut microbiota is shown to influence tumor growth, progression, and treatment through various mechanisms, including regulation of immune responses, production of metabolites, and modulation of the TME. The article discusses methods such as fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), dietary interventions, and synthetic biology approaches to manipulate the gut microbiota for cancer diagnostics and therapy. It also explores the potential of microbial-based diagnostics and therapies, including probiotics and prebiotics, to improve cancer screening, early detection, and treatment outcomes. The authors emphasize the need for further research to understand the underlying mechanisms and to develop personalized strategies that incorporate microbiome-based approaches in cancer care.The article reviews the role of gut microbiota in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and its therapeutic implications. It highlights the complex interactions between the gut microbiota, host immune system, and tumors, emphasizing the potential of modulating the gut microbiota to optimize the TME and enhance cancer immunotherapy. The gut microbiota is shown to influence tumor growth, progression, and treatment through various mechanisms, including regulation of immune responses, production of metabolites, and modulation of the TME. The article discusses methods such as fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), dietary interventions, and synthetic biology approaches to manipulate the gut microbiota for cancer diagnostics and therapy. It also explores the potential of microbial-based diagnostics and therapies, including probiotics and prebiotics, to improve cancer screening, early detection, and treatment outcomes. The authors emphasize the need for further research to understand the underlying mechanisms and to develop personalized strategies that incorporate microbiome-based approaches in cancer care.