This review explores the role of gut microbiota in male reproductive function, focusing on five key areas: sperm quality, testicular structure, sex hormones, sexual behavior, and probiotic supplementation. Gut microbiota can improve sperm quality by producing metabolites or regulating host metabolites. Endotoxemia, a key factor in testicular structure damage, disrupts the blood-testis barrier (BTB). Gut microbiota also regulates sex hormone levels by participating in the synthesis of sex hormone-related enzymes and affecting the hypothalamic-pituitary-testis (HPT) axis. Additionally, gut microbiota can influence sexual behavior through metabolites that activate brain areas controlling sexual arousal and behavior. Probiotic supplementation has been shown to improve male reproductive function. The review highlights the potential of gut microbiota in treating male infertility and calls for further research to better understand the mechanisms underlying microbiota-mediated male infertility.This review explores the role of gut microbiota in male reproductive function, focusing on five key areas: sperm quality, testicular structure, sex hormones, sexual behavior, and probiotic supplementation. Gut microbiota can improve sperm quality by producing metabolites or regulating host metabolites. Endotoxemia, a key factor in testicular structure damage, disrupts the blood-testis barrier (BTB). Gut microbiota also regulates sex hormone levels by participating in the synthesis of sex hormone-related enzymes and affecting the hypothalamic-pituitary-testis (HPT) axis. Additionally, gut microbiota can influence sexual behavior through metabolites that activate brain areas controlling sexual arousal and behavior. Probiotic supplementation has been shown to improve male reproductive function. The review highlights the potential of gut microbiota in treating male infertility and calls for further research to better understand the mechanisms underlying microbiota-mediated male infertility.