The article reviews the complex relationship between HIV infection, inflammation, immunosenescence, and aging. Despite the success of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in preventing AIDS-related complications and prolonging life, ART does not fully restore health. Long-term treated HIV patients still face an increased risk of age-associated diseases such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, osteoporosis, and neurocognitive decline. These complications are similar to those observed in the elderly, suggesting that HIV infection may accelerate aging. The review highlights the persistence of immunologic abnormalities in treated HIV patients, which are consistent with immunosenescence and likely related to chronic inflammation. HIV-associated inflammation and immunosenescence are implicated in the premature onset of end-organ diseases. Novel therapeutic strategies aimed at preventing or reversing these immunologic defects may be necessary to achieve normal life span in HIV-infected individuals. The article also discusses the biology of aging, including genetic and molecular factors, and suggests that integrating knowledge from aging research with HIV infection could lead to new therapeutic interventions.The article reviews the complex relationship between HIV infection, inflammation, immunosenescence, and aging. Despite the success of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in preventing AIDS-related complications and prolonging life, ART does not fully restore health. Long-term treated HIV patients still face an increased risk of age-associated diseases such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, osteoporosis, and neurocognitive decline. These complications are similar to those observed in the elderly, suggesting that HIV infection may accelerate aging. The review highlights the persistence of immunologic abnormalities in treated HIV patients, which are consistent with immunosenescence and likely related to chronic inflammation. HIV-associated inflammation and immunosenescence are implicated in the premature onset of end-organ diseases. Novel therapeutic strategies aimed at preventing or reversing these immunologic defects may be necessary to achieve normal life span in HIV-infected individuals. The article also discusses the biology of aging, including genetic and molecular factors, and suggests that integrating knowledge from aging research with HIV infection could lead to new therapeutic interventions.