This paper explores the multifaceted benefits of polyphenols, a group of phytochemicals found in various plant-based foods, in preventing and managing chronic diseases. Polyphenols, including flavonoids and non-flavonoids, exhibit potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and therapeutic properties. They have been shown to reduce the risk of obesity, atherosclerosis, high blood sugar, diabetes, hypertension, cancer, and neurological diseases. The review highlights the mechanisms by which polyphenols exert their protective effects, such as through antioxidant activities, modulation of cellular signaling pathways, and interaction with gut microbiota. The bioavailability and absorption of polyphenols are discussed, emphasizing the challenges and potential solutions to enhance their health benefits. The paper also reviews recent studies on the anticancer, anti-diabetic, anti-arthritic, and antimicrobial activities of polyphenols, providing evidence for their potential in developing novel dietary and pharmaceutical interventions. The findings underscore the importance of polyphenols in maintaining human health and suggest further research to optimize their therapeutic applications.This paper explores the multifaceted benefits of polyphenols, a group of phytochemicals found in various plant-based foods, in preventing and managing chronic diseases. Polyphenols, including flavonoids and non-flavonoids, exhibit potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and therapeutic properties. They have been shown to reduce the risk of obesity, atherosclerosis, high blood sugar, diabetes, hypertension, cancer, and neurological diseases. The review highlights the mechanisms by which polyphenols exert their protective effects, such as through antioxidant activities, modulation of cellular signaling pathways, and interaction with gut microbiota. The bioavailability and absorption of polyphenols are discussed, emphasizing the challenges and potential solutions to enhance their health benefits. The paper also reviews recent studies on the anticancer, anti-diabetic, anti-arthritic, and antimicrobial activities of polyphenols, providing evidence for their potential in developing novel dietary and pharmaceutical interventions. The findings underscore the importance of polyphenols in maintaining human health and suggest further research to optimize their therapeutic applications.