The article by Kristine Edgar Danielyan and Samvel Grigoriy Chailyan from the H Bunitain Institute of Biochemistry, National Academy of Science of Armenia, reviews the impact of heavy metals on human health. The World Health Organization (WHO) identifies 13 heavy metals—arsenic, cadmium, cobalt, chromium, copper, mercury, manganese, nickel, lead, tin, and titanium—as harmful to health, initiating and exacerbating various pathologies. Heavy metal intoxication often results from environmental pollution and can affect large populations, sometimes with delayed recognition. The review highlights the clinical manifestations, epidemiological data, and potential treatment mechanisms for these intoxications. The authors discuss the sources of heavy metal exposure, primarily from mining and industrial operations, and the need for stronger legal frameworks to protect workers from pollution. They provide examples of severe cases, such as the lead poisoning epidemic in Zamfara State, Nigeria, which led to the deaths of 163 people, including 111 children under five. The review also emphasizes the vulnerability of the developing brain to heavy metals, which can interfere with critical developmental processes and lead to neurodegeneration. Heavy metals like arsenic, cadmium, and lead are particularly harmful, causing cognitive impairments, behavioral anomalies, and increased risk of cancer. The article investigates the role of Xanthine Oxidoreductase (XOR) in the formation of free radicals, which are key in the toxic effects of heavy metals. Studies show that heavy metals elevate XOR activity, leading to increased free radical production. Pyridoxine (vitamin B6) has been found to inhibit XOR activity, suggesting its potential use in treating heavy metal intoxication. The review concludes with detailed discussions on the specific health impacts of lead, cadmium, arsenic, and mercury, including their mechanisms of action, clinical symptoms, and long-term effects. It underscores the importance of early recognition and intervention to mitigate the health risks associated with heavy metal exposure.The article by Kristine Edgar Danielyan and Samvel Grigoriy Chailyan from the H Bunitain Institute of Biochemistry, National Academy of Science of Armenia, reviews the impact of heavy metals on human health. The World Health Organization (WHO) identifies 13 heavy metals—arsenic, cadmium, cobalt, chromium, copper, mercury, manganese, nickel, lead, tin, and titanium—as harmful to health, initiating and exacerbating various pathologies. Heavy metal intoxication often results from environmental pollution and can affect large populations, sometimes with delayed recognition. The review highlights the clinical manifestations, epidemiological data, and potential treatment mechanisms for these intoxications. The authors discuss the sources of heavy metal exposure, primarily from mining and industrial operations, and the need for stronger legal frameworks to protect workers from pollution. They provide examples of severe cases, such as the lead poisoning epidemic in Zamfara State, Nigeria, which led to the deaths of 163 people, including 111 children under five. The review also emphasizes the vulnerability of the developing brain to heavy metals, which can interfere with critical developmental processes and lead to neurodegeneration. Heavy metals like arsenic, cadmium, and lead are particularly harmful, causing cognitive impairments, behavioral anomalies, and increased risk of cancer. The article investigates the role of Xanthine Oxidoreductase (XOR) in the formation of free radicals, which are key in the toxic effects of heavy metals. Studies show that heavy metals elevate XOR activity, leading to increased free radical production. Pyridoxine (vitamin B6) has been found to inhibit XOR activity, suggesting its potential use in treating heavy metal intoxication. The review concludes with detailed discussions on the specific health impacts of lead, cadmium, arsenic, and mercury, including their mechanisms of action, clinical symptoms, and long-term effects. It underscores the importance of early recognition and intervention to mitigate the health risks associated with heavy metal exposure.