The article provides a comprehensive review of heteroatom-doped graphene materials, focusing on their synthesis methods, properties, and emerging applications. Heteroatom doping, such as with oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur, can significantly alter the electromagnetic, physicochemical, optical, and structural properties of graphene, expanding its potential applications. The review discusses various doping strategies, including in situ and post-treatment approaches, and compares their advantages and disadvantages. It highlights the distinct properties resulting from different dopants, doping levels, and configurations, emphasizing the synergistic effects of co-doping. The mechanisms underlying the advantageous uses of doped graphene in energy storage, energy conversion, sensing, and gas storage are also explored, aiming to stimulate more competent applications. The article covers the latest developments, physical mechanisms, and unique application-specific advantages, providing insights into the synthesis, properties, and applications of heteroatom-doped graphene materials.The article provides a comprehensive review of heteroatom-doped graphene materials, focusing on their synthesis methods, properties, and emerging applications. Heteroatom doping, such as with oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur, can significantly alter the electromagnetic, physicochemical, optical, and structural properties of graphene, expanding its potential applications. The review discusses various doping strategies, including in situ and post-treatment approaches, and compares their advantages and disadvantages. It highlights the distinct properties resulting from different dopants, doping levels, and configurations, emphasizing the synergistic effects of co-doping. The mechanisms underlying the advantageous uses of doped graphene in energy storage, energy conversion, sensing, and gas storage are also explored, aiming to stimulate more competent applications. The article covers the latest developments, physical mechanisms, and unique application-specific advantages, providing insights into the synthesis, properties, and applications of heteroatom-doped graphene materials.