The study investigates hierarchical group dynamics in pigeon flocks using high-resolution GPS data from up to 10 homing pigeons. The researchers analyzed the temporal relationship between birds' flight directions to determine leading and following roles based on characteristic delay times. They found a well-defined hierarchy among flock members, with the average spatial position of a pigeon strongly correlating with its place in the hierarchy. Birds responded more quickly to conspecifics perceived through the left eye, suggesting differential roles for different positions within the flock. The results suggest that hierarchical organization in group flight may be more efficient than egalitarian structures, especially for flock sizes that allow regular pairwise interactions. The study also explored the relationship between leadership and individual navigational performance, finding some evidence that leaders tend to have better solo navigation skills. The findings highlight the dynamic and complex nature of leader-follower relationships in small flocks and their potential evolutionary benefits.The study investigates hierarchical group dynamics in pigeon flocks using high-resolution GPS data from up to 10 homing pigeons. The researchers analyzed the temporal relationship between birds' flight directions to determine leading and following roles based on characteristic delay times. They found a well-defined hierarchy among flock members, with the average spatial position of a pigeon strongly correlating with its place in the hierarchy. Birds responded more quickly to conspecifics perceived through the left eye, suggesting differential roles for different positions within the flock. The results suggest that hierarchical organization in group flight may be more efficient than egalitarian structures, especially for flock sizes that allow regular pairwise interactions. The study also explored the relationship between leadership and individual navigational performance, finding some evidence that leaders tend to have better solo navigation skills. The findings highlight the dynamic and complex nature of leader-follower relationships in small flocks and their potential evolutionary benefits.