Highlights in gibberellin research: A tale of the dwarf and the slender

Highlights in gibberellin research: A tale of the dwarf and the slender

2024 | Eilon Shani, Peter Hedden, and Tai-ping Sun
Gibberellins (GAs) are plant hormones that regulate growth and development. Since their discovery over a century ago, research has focused on understanding their biosynthesis, metabolism, signaling, and transport. This review summarizes recent advances in GA research, highlighting key findings in GA biosynthesis, signaling, and their roles in plant development. GA biosynthesis occurs in three cellular compartments: ent-Kaurene is synthesized in the plastid, converted to ent-kaurenoic acid in the ER, and then to GA12 and GA53. These intermediates are further converted to bioactive GAs GA4 and GA1. GA metabolism is regulated by various enzymes, including CYP450s and 2-ODDs, which catalyze oxidation reactions. GA transporters, such as NPFs and SWEETs, facilitate GA movement within the plant. GA signaling is mediated by the GID1 receptor, which interacts with DELLA repressors. DELLA proteins function as master regulators of plant growth by interacting with transcription factors and repressors. They are degraded by the SCF(SLY1/GID2) ubiquitin ligase complex in response to GA. DELLA activity is also regulated by other mechanisms, including polyubiquitination and post-translational modifications. GA signaling integrates multiple pathways to regulate plant development in response to internal and external cues. DELLA proteins repress or activate transcription by interacting with various transcription factors, including PIFs, ABI3, and SCL3. These interactions are crucial for processes such as seed germination, flowering, and shoot elongation. Recent studies have shown that GA signaling is involved in nitrogen use efficiency and plant growth. DELLA proteins also play a role in feedback regulation, helping to maintain GA homeostasis by inducing the expression of GA biosynthetic enzymes. The interaction between GA and DELLA is essential for plant development, with GA promoting growth and DELLA repressing it. Overall, GA research has advanced significantly, revealing the complex mechanisms by which GAs regulate plant growth and development. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for improving crop yields and plant productivity.Gibberellins (GAs) are plant hormones that regulate growth and development. Since their discovery over a century ago, research has focused on understanding their biosynthesis, metabolism, signaling, and transport. This review summarizes recent advances in GA research, highlighting key findings in GA biosynthesis, signaling, and their roles in plant development. GA biosynthesis occurs in three cellular compartments: ent-Kaurene is synthesized in the plastid, converted to ent-kaurenoic acid in the ER, and then to GA12 and GA53. These intermediates are further converted to bioactive GAs GA4 and GA1. GA metabolism is regulated by various enzymes, including CYP450s and 2-ODDs, which catalyze oxidation reactions. GA transporters, such as NPFs and SWEETs, facilitate GA movement within the plant. GA signaling is mediated by the GID1 receptor, which interacts with DELLA repressors. DELLA proteins function as master regulators of plant growth by interacting with transcription factors and repressors. They are degraded by the SCF(SLY1/GID2) ubiquitin ligase complex in response to GA. DELLA activity is also regulated by other mechanisms, including polyubiquitination and post-translational modifications. GA signaling integrates multiple pathways to regulate plant development in response to internal and external cues. DELLA proteins repress or activate transcription by interacting with various transcription factors, including PIFs, ABI3, and SCL3. These interactions are crucial for processes such as seed germination, flowering, and shoot elongation. Recent studies have shown that GA signaling is involved in nitrogen use efficiency and plant growth. DELLA proteins also play a role in feedback regulation, helping to maintain GA homeostasis by inducing the expression of GA biosynthetic enzymes. The interaction between GA and DELLA is essential for plant development, with GA promoting growth and DELLA repressing it. Overall, GA research has advanced significantly, revealing the complex mechanisms by which GAs regulate plant growth and development. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for improving crop yields and plant productivity.
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Understanding Highlights in gibberellin research%3A A tale of the dwarf and the slender