This article highlights the advancements in mainstream solar cell efficiencies in 2023, focusing on silicon, perovskite, and organic solar cells. The world record power conversion efficiency (PCE) for single-junction silicon and perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells reached over 27% and nearly 34%, respectively. Key developments include the rapid mass production of silicon passivating contact and back contact solar cells, as well as progress in perovskite solar cells (PSCs). - **China's Carbon Neutrality Program**: Crystalline silicon (c-Si) solar cells, with their high efficiency, mature processes, and low cost, play a crucial role in achieving carbon neutrality. By 2023, China's renewable energy capacity exceeded 1.4 × 10^9 kW, with PV power generation accounting for the largest share. - **PERC Solar Cells**: Despite their dominance, PERC cells are approaching their efficiency limit of 24.5%. The industry has shifted to TOPCon and SHJ solar cells, with annual production of 105–115 GW and 7–8 GW, respectively. - **TOPCon Solar Cells**: These cells have achieved a conversion efficiency of 26.89% over a large area and are considered a popular candidate with a theoretical efficiency limit of 28.7%. Key advancements include laser doping selective emitter (LDSE), laser enhanced contact optimization (LECO), and optical trapping technologies. - **SHJ Solar Cells**: SHJ cells with interdigitated back contact (HBC) have reached a high efficiency of 27.09% using all-laser patterning. - **Technological Innovations**: - **LDSE**: Reduces carrier recombination and improves surface passivation, increasing open-circuit voltage (Voc) by 5–8 mV. - **LECO**: Reduces contact resistance, improving Voc and fill factor (FF). - **Poly-finger Technology**: Reduces recombination losses by avoiding direct contact between c-Si and metal electrodes. - **Mass Production**: - **PECVD**: Replacing LPCVD due to faster film forming rates and better compatibility with in situ doping. - **Back Contact Solar Cells**: Chinese companies are pushing for mass production of TOPCon-related back contact solar cells, with annual production reaching 8–9 GW. The article provides a comprehensive overview of the latest advancements in solar cell technologies, highlighting the significant progress in silicon-based solar cells and the emerging importance of perovskite and organic solar cells.This article highlights the advancements in mainstream solar cell efficiencies in 2023, focusing on silicon, perovskite, and organic solar cells. The world record power conversion efficiency (PCE) for single-junction silicon and perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells reached over 27% and nearly 34%, respectively. Key developments include the rapid mass production of silicon passivating contact and back contact solar cells, as well as progress in perovskite solar cells (PSCs). - **China's Carbon Neutrality Program**: Crystalline silicon (c-Si) solar cells, with their high efficiency, mature processes, and low cost, play a crucial role in achieving carbon neutrality. By 2023, China's renewable energy capacity exceeded 1.4 × 10^9 kW, with PV power generation accounting for the largest share. - **PERC Solar Cells**: Despite their dominance, PERC cells are approaching their efficiency limit of 24.5%. The industry has shifted to TOPCon and SHJ solar cells, with annual production of 105–115 GW and 7–8 GW, respectively. - **TOPCon Solar Cells**: These cells have achieved a conversion efficiency of 26.89% over a large area and are considered a popular candidate with a theoretical efficiency limit of 28.7%. Key advancements include laser doping selective emitter (LDSE), laser enhanced contact optimization (LECO), and optical trapping technologies. - **SHJ Solar Cells**: SHJ cells with interdigitated back contact (HBC) have reached a high efficiency of 27.09% using all-laser patterning. - **Technological Innovations**: - **LDSE**: Reduces carrier recombination and improves surface passivation, increasing open-circuit voltage (Voc) by 5–8 mV. - **LECO**: Reduces contact resistance, improving Voc and fill factor (FF). - **Poly-finger Technology**: Reduces recombination losses by avoiding direct contact between c-Si and metal electrodes. - **Mass Production**: - **PECVD**: Replacing LPCVD due to faster film forming rates and better compatibility with in situ doping. - **Back Contact Solar Cells**: Chinese companies are pushing for mass production of TOPCon-related back contact solar cells, with annual production reaching 8–9 GW. The article provides a comprehensive overview of the latest advancements in solar cell technologies, highlighting the significant progress in silicon-based solar cells and the emerging importance of perovskite and organic solar cells.