August 13, 2024 | Yahui Li, Frank Pollmann, Nicholas Read, Pablo Sala
This paper investigates the entanglement properties of stationary states in open quantum systems with strong symmetries. The authors show that strong non-Abelian symmetries can lead to highly entangled stationary states even in unital quantum channels. They derive exact expressions for the bipartite logarithmic negativity, Rényi negativities, and operator space entanglement for stationary states restricted to one symmetric subspace, focusing on the trivial subspace. These results apply to open quantum evolutions whose commutants correspond to either the universal enveloping algebra of a Lie algebra or the Read-Saleur commutants. The latter provides an example of quantum fragmentation, with exponentially large dimension. The authors prove that these quantities are upper bounded by the logarithm of the dimension of the commutant on the smaller bipartition of the chain. For Abelian symmetries, such as U(1), stationary states are separable, while for non-Abelian SU(N) symmetries, both logarithmic and Rényi negativities scale logarithmically with system size. For Read-Saleur commutants, logarithmic negativity scales with volume law, while Rényi negativities with n > 2 scale logarithmically. The results are based on the commutant possessing a Hopf algebra structure in the limit of infinitely large systems, and hence also apply to finite groups and quantum groups. The paper also discusses the entanglement of stationary states for conventional U(1) and SU(N) symmetries, as well as for systems with classical and quantum fragmentation. The results show that for classical fragmentation, stationary states are separable, while for quantum fragmentation, they can be highly entangled. The paper concludes with a discussion of the implications of these results for understanding entanglement and symmetries in open quantum systems.This paper investigates the entanglement properties of stationary states in open quantum systems with strong symmetries. The authors show that strong non-Abelian symmetries can lead to highly entangled stationary states even in unital quantum channels. They derive exact expressions for the bipartite logarithmic negativity, Rényi negativities, and operator space entanglement for stationary states restricted to one symmetric subspace, focusing on the trivial subspace. These results apply to open quantum evolutions whose commutants correspond to either the universal enveloping algebra of a Lie algebra or the Read-Saleur commutants. The latter provides an example of quantum fragmentation, with exponentially large dimension. The authors prove that these quantities are upper bounded by the logarithm of the dimension of the commutant on the smaller bipartition of the chain. For Abelian symmetries, such as U(1), stationary states are separable, while for non-Abelian SU(N) symmetries, both logarithmic and Rényi negativities scale logarithmically with system size. For Read-Saleur commutants, logarithmic negativity scales with volume law, while Rényi negativities with n > 2 scale logarithmically. The results are based on the commutant possessing a Hopf algebra structure in the limit of infinitely large systems, and hence also apply to finite groups and quantum groups. The paper also discusses the entanglement of stationary states for conventional U(1) and SU(N) symmetries, as well as for systems with classical and quantum fragmentation. The results show that for classical fragmentation, stationary states are separable, while for quantum fragmentation, they can be highly entangled. The paper concludes with a discussion of the implications of these results for understanding entanglement and symmetries in open quantum systems.